cmd2.Cmd

cmd2.Cmd

Cmd(completekey='tab', stdin=None, stdout=None, *, persistent_history_file='', persistent_history_length=1000, startup_script='', silence_startup_script=False, include_py=False, include_ipy=False, allow_cli_args=True, transcript_files=None, allow_redirection=True, multiline_commands=None, terminators=None, shortcuts=None, command_sets=None, auto_load_commands=False, allow_clipboard=True, suggest_similar_command=False, intro='')

An easy but powerful framework for writing line-oriented command interpreters.

Extends the Python Standard Library's cmd package by adding a lot of useful features to the out of the box configuration.

Line-oriented command interpreters are often useful for test harnesses, internal tools, and rapid prototypes.

Easy but powerful framework for writing line-oriented command interpreters, extends Python's cmd package.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
completekey	readline name of a completion key, default to Tab TYPE: str DEFAULT: 'tab'
stdin	alternate input file object, if not specified, sys.stdin is used TYPE: TextIO | None DEFAULT: None
stdout	alternate output file object, if not specified, sys.stdout is used TYPE: TextIO | None DEFAULT: None
persistent_history_file	file path to load a persistent cmd2 command history from TYPE: str DEFAULT: ''
persistent_history_length	max number of history items to write to the persistent history file TYPE: int DEFAULT: 1000
startup_script	file path to a script to execute at startup TYPE: str DEFAULT: ''
silence_startup_script	if True, then the startup script's output will be suppressed. Anything written to stderr will still display. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
include_py	should the "py" command be included for an embedded Python shell TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
include_ipy	should the "ipy" command be included for an embedded IPython shell TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
allow_cli_args	if True, then cmd2.Cmd.init will process command line arguments as either commands to be run or, if -t or --test are given, transcript files to run. This should be set to False if your application parses its own command line arguments. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
transcript_files	pass a list of transcript files to be run on initialization. This allows running transcript tests when allow_cli_args is False. If allow_cli_args is True this parameter is ignored. TYPE: list[str] | None DEFAULT: None
allow_redirection	If False, prevent output redirection and piping to shell commands. This parameter prevents redirection and piping, but does not alter parsing behavior. A user can still type redirection and piping tokens, and they will be parsed as such but they won't do anything. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
multiline_commands	list of commands allowed to accept multi-line input TYPE: list[str] | None DEFAULT: None
terminators	list of characters that terminate a command. These are mainly intended for terminating multiline commands, but will also terminate single-line commands. If not supplied, the default is a semicolon. If your app only contains single-line commands and you want terminators to be treated as literals by the parser, then set this to an empty list. TYPE: list[str] | None DEFAULT: None
shortcuts	dictionary containing shortcuts for commands. If not supplied, then defaults to constants.DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS. If you do not want any shortcuts, pass an empty dictionary. TYPE: dict[str, str] | None DEFAULT: None
command_sets	Provide CommandSet instances to load during cmd2 initialization. This allows CommandSets with custom constructor parameters to be loaded. This also allows the a set of CommandSets to be provided when auto_load_commands is set to False TYPE: Iterable[CommandSet] | None DEFAULT: None
auto_load_commands	If True, cmd2 will check for all subclasses of CommandSet that are currently loaded by Python and automatically instantiate and register all commands. If False, CommandSets must be manually installed with register_command_set. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
allow_clipboard	If False, cmd2 will disable clipboard interactions TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
suggest_similar_command	If True, cmd2 will attempt to suggest the most similar command when the user types a command that does not exist. Default: False. "param intro: Intro banner to print when starting the application. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def __init__(
    self,
    completekey: str = 'tab',
    stdin: TextIO | None = None,
    stdout: TextIO | None = None,
    *,
    persistent_history_file: str = '',
    persistent_history_length: int = 1000,
    startup_script: str = '',
    silence_startup_script: bool = False,
    include_py: bool = False,
    include_ipy: bool = False,
    allow_cli_args: bool = True,
    transcript_files: list[str] | None = None,
    allow_redirection: bool = True,
    multiline_commands: list[str] | None = None,
    terminators: list[str] | None = None,
    shortcuts: dict[str, str] | None = None,
    command_sets: Iterable[CommandSet] | None = None,
    auto_load_commands: bool = False,
    allow_clipboard: bool = True,
    suggest_similar_command: bool = False,
    intro: RenderableType = '',
) -> None:
    """Easy but powerful framework for writing line-oriented command interpreters, extends Python's cmd package.

    :param completekey: readline name of a completion key, default to Tab
    :param stdin: alternate input file object, if not specified, sys.stdin is used
    :param stdout: alternate output file object, if not specified, sys.stdout is used
    :param persistent_history_file: file path to load a persistent cmd2 command history from
    :param persistent_history_length: max number of history items to write
                                      to the persistent history file
    :param startup_script: file path to a script to execute at startup
    :param silence_startup_script: if ``True``, then the startup script's output will be
                                   suppressed. Anything written to stderr will still display.
    :param include_py: should the "py" command be included for an embedded Python shell
    :param include_ipy: should the "ipy" command be included for an embedded IPython shell
    :param allow_cli_args: if ``True``, then [cmd2.Cmd.__init__][] will process command
                           line arguments as either commands to be run or, if ``-t`` or
                           ``--test`` are given, transcript files to run. This should be
                           set to ``False`` if your application parses its own command line
                           arguments.
    :param transcript_files: pass a list of transcript files to be run on initialization.
                             This allows running transcript tests when ``allow_cli_args``
                             is ``False``. If ``allow_cli_args`` is ``True`` this parameter
                             is ignored.
    :param allow_redirection: If ``False``, prevent output redirection and piping to shell
                              commands. This parameter prevents redirection and piping, but
                              does not alter parsing behavior. A user can still type
                              redirection and piping tokens, and they will be parsed as such
                              but they won't do anything.
    :param multiline_commands: list of commands allowed to accept multi-line input
    :param terminators: list of characters that terminate a command. These are mainly
                        intended for terminating multiline commands, but will also
                        terminate single-line commands. If not supplied, the default
                        is a semicolon. If your app only contains single-line commands
                        and you want terminators to be treated as literals by the parser,
                        then set this to an empty list.
    :param shortcuts: dictionary containing shortcuts for commands. If not supplied,
                      then defaults to constants.DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS. If you do not want
                      any shortcuts, pass an empty dictionary.
    :param command_sets: Provide CommandSet instances to load during cmd2 initialization.
                         This allows CommandSets with custom constructor parameters to be
                         loaded.  This also allows the a set of CommandSets to be provided
                         when `auto_load_commands` is set to False
    :param auto_load_commands: If True, cmd2 will check for all subclasses of `CommandSet`
                               that are currently loaded by Python and automatically
                               instantiate and register all commands. If False, CommandSets
                               must be manually installed with `register_command_set`.
    :param allow_clipboard: If False, cmd2 will disable clipboard interactions
    :param suggest_similar_command: If ``True``, ``cmd2`` will attempt to suggest the most
                                    similar command when the user types a command that does
                                    not exist. Default: ``False``.
    "param intro: Intro banner to print when starting the application.
    """
    # Check if py or ipy need to be disabled in this instance
    if not include_py:
        setattr(self, 'do_py', None)  # noqa: B010
    if not include_ipy:
        setattr(self, 'do_ipy', None)  # noqa: B010

    # initialize plugin system
    # needs to be done before we most of the other stuff below
    self._initialize_plugin_system()

    # Configure a few defaults
    self.prompt = Cmd.DEFAULT_PROMPT
    self.intro = intro
    self.use_rawinput = True

    # What to use for standard input
    if stdin is not None:
        self.stdin = stdin
    else:
        self.stdin = sys.stdin

    # What to use for standard output
    if stdout is not None:
        self.stdout = stdout
    else:
        self.stdout = sys.stdout

    # Key used for tab completion
    self.completekey = completekey

    # Attributes which should NOT be dynamically settable via the set command at runtime
    self.default_to_shell = False  # Attempt to run unrecognized commands as shell commands
    self.allow_redirection = allow_redirection  # Security setting to prevent redirection of stdout

    # Attributes which ARE dynamically settable via the set command at runtime
    self.always_show_hint = False
    self.debug = False
    self.echo = False
    self.editor = Cmd.DEFAULT_EDITOR
    self.feedback_to_output = False  # Do not include nonessentials in >, | output by default (things like timing)
    self.quiet = False  # Do not suppress nonessential output
    self.scripts_add_to_history = True  # Scripts and pyscripts add commands to history
    self.timing = False  # Prints elapsed time for each command

    # The maximum number of CompletionItems to display during tab completion. If the number of completion
    # suggestions exceeds this number, they will be displayed in the typical columnized format and will
    # not include the description value of the CompletionItems.
    self.max_completion_items: int = 50

    # A dictionary mapping settable names to their Settable instance
    self._settables: dict[str, Settable] = {}
    self._always_prefix_settables: bool = False

    # CommandSet containers
    self._installed_command_sets: set[CommandSet] = set()
    self._cmd_to_command_sets: dict[str, CommandSet] = {}

    self.build_settables()

    # Use as prompt for multiline commands on the 2nd+ line of input
    self.continuation_prompt: str = '> '

    # Allow access to your application in embedded Python shells and pyscripts via self
    self.self_in_py = False

    # Commands to exclude from the help menu and tab completion
    self.hidden_commands = ['eof', '_relative_run_script']

    # Initialize history
    self.persistent_history_file = ''
    self._persistent_history_length = persistent_history_length
    self._initialize_history(persistent_history_file)

    # Commands to exclude from the history command
    self.exclude_from_history = ['eof', 'history']

    # Dictionary of macro names and their values
    self.macros: dict[str, Macro] = {}

    # Keeps track of typed command history in the Python shell
    self._py_history: list[str] = []

    # The name by which Python environments refer to the PyBridge to call app commands
    self.py_bridge_name = 'app'

    # Defines app-specific variables/functions available in Python shells and pyscripts
    self.py_locals: dict[str, Any] = {}

    # True if running inside a Python shell or pyscript, False otherwise
    self._in_py = False

    self.statement_parser: StatementParser = StatementParser(
        terminators=terminators, multiline_commands=multiline_commands, shortcuts=shortcuts
    )

    # Stores results from the last command run to enable usage of results in Python shells and pyscripts
    self.last_result: Any = None

    # Used by run_script command to store current script dir as a LIFO queue to support _relative_run_script command
    self._script_dir: list[str] = []

    # Context manager used to protect critical sections in the main thread from stopping due to a KeyboardInterrupt
    self.sigint_protection: utils.ContextFlag = utils.ContextFlag()

    # If the current command created a process to pipe to, then this will be a ProcReader object.
    # Otherwise it will be None. It's used to know when a pipe process can be killed and/or waited upon.
    self._cur_pipe_proc_reader: utils.ProcReader | None = None

    # Used to keep track of whether we are redirecting or piping output
    self._redirecting = False

    # Used to keep track of whether a continuation prompt is being displayed
    self._at_continuation_prompt = False

    # The multiline command currently being typed which is used to tab complete multiline commands.
    self._multiline_in_progress = ''

    # Characters used to draw a horizontal rule. Should not be blank.
    self.ruler = "─"

    # Set text which prints right before all of the help tables are listed.
    self.doc_leader = ""

    # Set header for table listing documented commands.
    self.doc_header = "Documented Commands"

    # Set header for table listing help topics not related to a command.
    self.misc_header = "Miscellaneous Help Topics"

    # Set header for table listing commands that have no help info.
    self.undoc_header = "Undocumented Commands"

    # If any command has been categorized, then all other documented commands that
    # haven't been categorized will display under this section in the help output.
    self.default_category = "Uncategorized Commands"

    # The error that prints when no help information can be found
    self.help_error = "No help on {}"

    # The error that prints when a non-existent command is run
    self.default_error = "{} is not a recognized command, alias, or macro."

    # If non-empty, this string will be displayed if a broken pipe error occurs
    self.broken_pipe_warning = ''

    # Commands that will run at the beginning of the command loop
    self._startup_commands: list[str] = []

    # Store initial termios settings to restore after each command.
    # This is a faster way of accomplishing what "stty sane" does.
    self._initial_termios_settings = None
    if not sys.platform.startswith('win') and self.stdin.isatty():
        try:
            import io
            import termios

            self._initial_termios_settings = termios.tcgetattr(self.stdin.fileno())
        except (ImportError, io.UnsupportedOperation, termios.error):
            # This can happen if termios isn't available or stdin is a pseudo-TTY
            self._initial_termios_settings = None

    # If a startup script is provided and exists, then execute it in the startup commands
    if startup_script:
        startup_script = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(startup_script))
        if os.path.exists(startup_script):
            script_cmd = f"run_script {su.quote(startup_script)}"
            if silence_startup_script:
                script_cmd += f" {constants.REDIRECTION_OUTPUT} {os.devnull}"
            self._startup_commands.append(script_cmd)

    # Transcript files to run instead of interactive command loop
    self._transcript_files: list[str] | None = None

    # Check for command line args
    if allow_cli_args:
        parser = argparse_custom.DEFAULT_ARGUMENT_PARSER()
        parser.add_argument('-t', '--test', action="store_true", help='Test against transcript(s) in FILE (wildcards OK)')
        callopts, callargs = parser.parse_known_args()

        # If transcript testing was called for, use other arguments as transcript files
        if callopts.test:
            self._transcript_files = callargs
        # If commands were supplied at invocation, then add them to the command queue
        elif callargs:
            self._startup_commands.extend(callargs)
    elif transcript_files:
        self._transcript_files = transcript_files

    # Set the pager(s) for use when displaying output using a pager
    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
        self.pager = self.pager_chop = 'more'
    else:
        # Here is the meaning of the various flags we are using with the less command:
        # -S causes lines longer than the screen width to be chopped (truncated) rather than wrapped
        # -R causes ANSI "style" escape sequences to be output in raw form (i.e. colors are displayed)
        # -X disables sending the termcap initialization and deinitialization strings to the terminal
        # -F causes less to automatically exit if the entire file can be displayed on the first screen
        self.pager = 'less -RXF'
        self.pager_chop = 'less -SRXF'

    # This boolean flag stores whether cmd2 will allow clipboard related features
    self.allow_clipboard = allow_clipboard

    # This determines the value returned by cmdloop() when exiting the application
    self.exit_code = 0

    # This lock should be acquired before doing any asynchronous changes to the terminal to
    # ensure the updates to the terminal don't interfere with the input being typed or output
    # being printed by a command.
    self.terminal_lock = threading.RLock()

    # Commands disabled during specific application states
    # Key: Command name | Value: DisabledCommand object
    self.disabled_commands: dict[str, DisabledCommand] = {}

    # Categories of commands to be disabled
    # Key: Category name | Value: Message to display
    self.disabled_categories: dict[str, str] = {}

    # The default key for sorting string results. Its default value performs a case-insensitive alphabetical sort.
    # If natural sorting is preferred, then set this to NATURAL_SORT_KEY.
    # cmd2 uses this key for sorting:
    #     command and category names
    #     alias, macro, settable, and shortcut names
    #     tab completion results when self.matches_sorted is False
    self.default_sort_key: Callable[[str], str] = Cmd.ALPHABETICAL_SORT_KEY

    ############################################################################################################
    # The following variables are used by tab completion functions. They are reset each time complete() is run
    # in _reset_completion_defaults() and it is up to completer functions to set them before returning results.
    ############################################################################################################

    # If True and a single match is returned to complete(), then a space will be appended
    # if the match appears at the end of the line
    self.allow_appended_space = True

    # If True and a single match is returned to complete(), then a closing quote
    # will be added if there is an unmatched opening quote
    self.allow_closing_quote = True

    # An optional hint which prints above tab completion suggestions
    self.completion_hint: str = ''

    # Normally cmd2 uses readline's formatter to columnize the list of completion suggestions.
    # If a custom format is preferred, write the formatted completions to this string. cmd2 will
    # then print it instead of the readline format. ANSI style sequences and newlines are supported
    # when using this value. Even when using formatted_completions, the full matches must still be returned
    # from your completer function. ArgparseCompleter writes its tab completion tables to this string.
    self.formatted_completions: str = ''

    # Used by complete() for readline tab completion
    self.completion_matches: list[str] = []

    # Use this list if you need to display tab completion suggestions that are different than the actual text
    # of the matches. For instance, if you are completing strings that contain a common delimiter and you only
    # want to display the final portion of the matches as the tab completion suggestions. The full matches
    # still must be returned from your completer function. For an example, look at path_complete() which
    # uses this to show only the basename of paths as the suggestions. delimiter_complete() also populates
    # this list. These are ignored if self.formatted_completions is populated.
    self.display_matches: list[str] = []

    # Used by functions like path_complete() and delimiter_complete() to properly
    # quote matches that are completed in a delimited fashion
    self.matches_delimited = False

    # Set to True before returning matches to complete() in cases where matches have already been sorted.
    # If False, then complete() will sort the matches using self.default_sort_key before they are displayed.
    # This does not affect self.formatted_completions.
    self.matches_sorted: bool = False

    # Command parsers for this Cmd instance.
    self._command_parsers: _CommandParsers = _CommandParsers(self)

    # Add functions decorated to be subcommands
    self._register_subcommands(self)

    ############################################################################################################
    # The following code block loads CommandSets, verifies command names, and registers subcommands.
    # This block should appear after all attributes have been created since the registration code
    # depends on them and it's possible a module's on_register() method may need to access some.
    ############################################################################################################
    # Load modular commands
    if command_sets:
        for command_set in command_sets:
            self.register_command_set(command_set)

    if auto_load_commands:
        self._autoload_commands()

    # Verify commands don't have invalid names (like starting with a shortcut)
    for cur_cmd in self.get_all_commands():
        valid, errmsg = self.statement_parser.is_valid_command(cur_cmd)
        if not valid:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid command name '{cur_cmd}': {errmsg}")

    self.suggest_similar_command = suggest_similar_command
    self.default_suggestion_message = "Did you mean {}?"

    # the current command being executed
    self.current_command: Statement | None = None

DEFAULT_EDITOR class-attribute instance-attribute

DEFAULT_EDITOR = find_editor()

ALPHABETICAL_SORT_KEY class-attribute instance-attribute

ALPHABETICAL_SORT_KEY = norm_fold

NATURAL_SORT_KEY class-attribute instance-attribute

NATURAL_SORT_KEY = natural_keys

testfiles class-attribute

testfiles = []

DEFAULT_PROMPT class-attribute instance-attribute

DEFAULT_PROMPT = '(Cmd) '

prompt instance-attribute

prompt = DEFAULT_PROMPT

intro instance-attribute

intro = intro

use_rawinput instance-attribute

use_rawinput = True

stdin instance-attribute

stdin = stdin

stdout instance-attribute

stdout = stdout

completekey instance-attribute

completekey = completekey

default_to_shell instance-attribute

default_to_shell = False

allow_redirection instance-attribute

allow_redirection = allow_redirection

always_show_hint instance-attribute

always_show_hint = False

debug instance-attribute

debug = False

echo instance-attribute

echo = False

editor instance-attribute

editor = DEFAULT_EDITOR

feedback_to_output instance-attribute

feedback_to_output = False

quiet instance-attribute

quiet = False

scripts_add_to_history instance-attribute

scripts_add_to_history = True

timing instance-attribute

timing = False

max_completion_items instance-attribute

max_completion_items = 50

continuation_prompt instance-attribute

continuation_prompt = '> '

self_in_py instance-attribute

self_in_py = False

hidden_commands instance-attribute

hidden_commands = ['eof', '_relative_run_script']

persistent_history_file instance-attribute

persistent_history_file = ''

exclude_from_history instance-attribute

exclude_from_history = ['eof', 'history']

macros instance-attribute

macros = {}

py_bridge_name instance-attribute

py_bridge_name = 'app'

py_locals instance-attribute

py_locals = {}

statement_parser instance-attribute

statement_parser = StatementParser(terminators=terminators, multiline_commands=multiline_commands, shortcuts=shortcuts)

last_result instance-attribute

last_result = None

sigint_protection instance-attribute

sigint_protection = ContextFlag()

ruler instance-attribute

ruler = '─'

doc_leader instance-attribute

doc_leader = ''

doc_header instance-attribute

doc_header = 'Documented Commands'

misc_header instance-attribute

misc_header = 'Miscellaneous Help Topics'

undoc_header instance-attribute

undoc_header = 'Undocumented Commands'

default_category instance-attribute

default_category = 'Uncategorized Commands'

help_error instance-attribute

help_error = 'No help on {}'

default_error instance-attribute

default_error = '{} is not a recognized command, alias, or macro.'

broken_pipe_warning instance-attribute

broken_pipe_warning = ''

pager instance-attribute

pager = 'more'

pager_chop instance-attribute

pager_chop = 'more'

allow_clipboard instance-attribute

allow_clipboard = allow_clipboard

exit_code instance-attribute

exit_code = 0

terminal_lock instance-attribute

terminal_lock = RLock()

disabled_commands instance-attribute

disabled_commands = {}

disabled_categories instance-attribute

disabled_categories = {}

default_sort_key instance-attribute

default_sort_key = ALPHABETICAL_SORT_KEY

allow_appended_space instance-attribute

allow_appended_space = True

allow_closing_quote instance-attribute

allow_closing_quote = True

completion_hint instance-attribute

completion_hint = ''

formatted_completions instance-attribute

formatted_completions = ''

completion_matches instance-attribute

completion_matches = []

display_matches instance-attribute

display_matches = []

matches_delimited instance-attribute

matches_delimited = False

matches_sorted instance-attribute

matches_sorted = False

suggest_similar_command instance-attribute

suggest_similar_command = suggest_similar_command

default_suggestion_message instance-attribute

default_suggestion_message = 'Did you mean {}?'

current_command instance-attribute

current_command = None

always_prefix_settables property writable

always_prefix_settables

Flags whether CommandSet settable values should always be prefixed.

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool	True if CommandSet settable values will always be prefixed. False if not.

settables property

settables

Get all available user-settable attributes. This includes settables defined in installed CommandSets.

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
Mapping[str, Settable]	Mapping from attribute-name to Settable of all user-settable attributes from

allow_style property writable

allow_style

Read-only property needed to support do_set when it reads allow_style.

visible_prompt property

visible_prompt

Read-only property to get the visible prompt with any ANSI style sequences stripped.

Used by transcript testing to make it easier and more reliable when users are doing things like coloring the prompt.

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
str	the stripped prompt

aliases property

aliases

Read-only property to access the aliases stored in the StatementParser.

CommandDataType class-attribute instance-attribute

CommandDataType = TypeVar('CommandDataType')

find_commandsets

find_commandsets(commandset_type, *, subclass_match=False)

Find all CommandSets that match the provided CommandSet type.

By default, locates a CommandSet that is an exact type match but may optionally return all CommandSets that are sub-classes of the provided type

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
commandset_type	CommandSet sub-class type to search for TYPE: type[CommandSet]
subclass_match	If True, return all sub-classes of provided type, otherwise only search for exact match TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
list[CommandSet]	Matching CommandSets

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def find_commandsets(self, commandset_type: type[CommandSet], *, subclass_match: bool = False) -> list[CommandSet]:
    """Find all CommandSets that match the provided CommandSet type.

    By default, locates a CommandSet that is an exact type match but may optionally return all CommandSets that
    are sub-classes of the provided type
    :param commandset_type: CommandSet sub-class type to search for
    :param subclass_match: If True, return all sub-classes of provided type, otherwise only search for exact match
    :return: Matching CommandSets
    """
    return [
        cmdset
        for cmdset in self._installed_command_sets
        if type(cmdset) == commandset_type or (subclass_match and isinstance(cmdset, commandset_type))  # noqa: E721
    ]

find_commandset_for_command

find_commandset_for_command(command_name)

Find the CommandSet that registered the command name.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
command_name	command name to search TYPE: str

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
CommandSet | None	CommandSet that provided the command

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def find_commandset_for_command(self, command_name: str) -> CommandSet | None:
    """Find the CommandSet that registered the command name.

    :param command_name: command name to search
    :return: CommandSet that provided the command
    """
    return self._cmd_to_command_sets.get(command_name)

register_command_set

register_command_set(cmdset)

Installs a CommandSet, loading all commands defined in the CommandSet.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
cmdset	CommandSet to load TYPE: CommandSet

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def register_command_set(self, cmdset: CommandSet) -> None:
    """Installs a CommandSet, loading all commands defined in the CommandSet.

    :param cmdset: CommandSet to load
    """
    existing_commandset_types = [type(command_set) for command_set in self._installed_command_sets]
    if type(cmdset) in existing_commandset_types:
        raise CommandSetRegistrationError('CommandSet ' + type(cmdset).__name__ + ' is already installed')

    all_settables = self.settables
    if self.always_prefix_settables:
        if not cmdset.settable_prefix.strip():
            raise CommandSetRegistrationError('CommandSet settable prefix must not be empty')
        for key in cmdset.settables:
            prefixed_name = f'{cmdset.settable_prefix}.{key}'
            if prefixed_name in all_settables:
                raise CommandSetRegistrationError(f'Duplicate settable: {key}')

    else:
        for key in cmdset.settables:
            if key in all_settables:
                raise CommandSetRegistrationError(f'Duplicate settable {key} is already registered')

    cmdset.on_register(self)
    methods = cast(
        list[tuple[str, Callable[..., Any]]],
        inspect.getmembers(
            cmdset,
            predicate=lambda meth: (  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                isinstance(meth, Callable)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                and hasattr(meth, '__name__')
                and meth.__name__.startswith(COMMAND_FUNC_PREFIX)
            ),
        ),
    )

    default_category = getattr(cmdset, CLASS_ATTR_DEFAULT_HELP_CATEGORY, None)

    installed_attributes = []
    try:
        for cmd_func_name, command_method in methods:
            command = cmd_func_name[len(COMMAND_FUNC_PREFIX) :]

            self._install_command_function(cmd_func_name, command_method, type(cmdset).__name__)
            installed_attributes.append(cmd_func_name)

            completer_func_name = COMPLETER_FUNC_PREFIX + command
            cmd_completer = getattr(cmdset, completer_func_name, None)
            if cmd_completer is not None:
                self._install_completer_function(command, cmd_completer)
                installed_attributes.append(completer_func_name)

            help_func_name = HELP_FUNC_PREFIX + command
            cmd_help = getattr(cmdset, help_func_name, None)
            if cmd_help is not None:
                self._install_help_function(command, cmd_help)
                installed_attributes.append(help_func_name)

            self._cmd_to_command_sets[command] = cmdset

            if default_category and not hasattr(command_method, constants.CMD_ATTR_HELP_CATEGORY):
                utils.categorize(command_method, default_category)

            # If this command is in a disabled category, then disable it
            command_category = getattr(command_method, constants.CMD_ATTR_HELP_CATEGORY, None)
            if command_category in self.disabled_categories:
                message_to_print = self.disabled_categories[command_category]
                self.disable_command(command, message_to_print)

        self._installed_command_sets.add(cmdset)

        self._register_subcommands(cmdset)
        cmdset.on_registered()
    except Exception:
        cmdset.on_unregister()
        for attrib in installed_attributes:
            delattr(self, attrib)
        if cmdset in self._installed_command_sets:
            self._installed_command_sets.remove(cmdset)
        if cmdset in self._cmd_to_command_sets.values():
            self._cmd_to_command_sets = {key: val for key, val in self._cmd_to_command_sets.items() if val is not cmdset}
        cmdset.on_unregistered()
        raise

unregister_command_set

unregister_command_set(cmdset)

Uninstalls a CommandSet and unloads all associated commands.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
cmdset	CommandSet to uninstall TYPE: CommandSet

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def unregister_command_set(self, cmdset: CommandSet) -> None:
    """Uninstalls a CommandSet and unloads all associated commands.

    :param cmdset: CommandSet to uninstall
    """
    if cmdset in self._installed_command_sets:
        self._check_uninstallable(cmdset)
        cmdset.on_unregister()
        self._unregister_subcommands(cmdset)

        methods: list[tuple[str, Callable[..., Any]]] = inspect.getmembers(
            cmdset,
            predicate=lambda meth: (  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                isinstance(meth, Callable)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                and hasattr(meth, '__name__')
                and meth.__name__.startswith(COMMAND_FUNC_PREFIX)
            ),
        )

        for cmd_func_name, command_method in methods:
            command = cmd_func_name[len(COMMAND_FUNC_PREFIX) :]

            # Enable the command before uninstalling it to make sure we remove both
            # the real functions and the ones used by the DisabledCommand object.
            if command in self.disabled_commands:
                self.enable_command(command)

            if command in self._cmd_to_command_sets:
                del self._cmd_to_command_sets[command]

            # Only remove the parser if this is the actual
            # command since command synonyms don't own it.
            if cmd_func_name == command_method.__name__:
                self._command_parsers.remove(command_method)

            if hasattr(self, COMPLETER_FUNC_PREFIX + command):
                delattr(self, COMPLETER_FUNC_PREFIX + command)
            if hasattr(self, HELP_FUNC_PREFIX + command):
                delattr(self, HELP_FUNC_PREFIX + command)

            delattr(self, cmd_func_name)

        cmdset.on_unregistered()
        self._installed_command_sets.remove(cmdset)

add_settable

add_settable(settable)

Add a settable parameter to self.settables.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
settable	Settable object being added TYPE: Settable

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def add_settable(self, settable: Settable) -> None:
    """Add a settable parameter to ``self.settables``.

    :param settable: Settable object being added
    """
    if not self.always_prefix_settables and settable.name in self.settables and settable.name not in self._settables:
        raise KeyError(f'Duplicate settable: {settable.name}')
    self._settables[settable.name] = settable

remove_settable

remove_settable(name)

Remove a settable parameter from self.settables.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
name	name of the settable being removed TYPE: str

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
KeyError	if the Settable matches this name

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def remove_settable(self, name: str) -> None:
    """Remove a settable parameter from ``self.settables``.

    :param name: name of the settable being removed
    :raises KeyError: if the Settable matches this name
    """
    try:
        del self._settables[name]
    except KeyError as exc:
        raise KeyError(name + " is not a settable parameter") from exc

build_settables

build_settables()

Create the dictionary of user-settable parameters.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def build_settables(self) -> None:
    """Create the dictionary of user-settable parameters."""

    def get_allow_style_choices(_cli_self: Cmd) -> list[str]:
        """Tab complete allow_style values."""
        return [val.name.lower() for val in ru.AllowStyle]

    def allow_style_type(value: str) -> ru.AllowStyle:
        """Convert a string value into an ru.AllowStyle."""
        try:
            return ru.AllowStyle[value.upper()]
        except KeyError as ex:
            raise ValueError(
                f"must be {ru.AllowStyle.ALWAYS}, {ru.AllowStyle.NEVER}, or {ru.AllowStyle.TERMINAL} (case-insensitive)"
            ) from ex

    self.add_settable(
        Settable(
            'allow_style',
            allow_style_type,
            'Allow ANSI text style sequences in output (valid values: '
            f'{ru.AllowStyle.ALWAYS}, {ru.AllowStyle.NEVER}, {ru.AllowStyle.TERMINAL})',
            self,
            choices_provider=cast(ChoicesProviderFunc, get_allow_style_choices),
        )
    )

    self.add_settable(
        Settable('always_show_hint', bool, 'Display tab completion hint even when completion suggestions print', self)
    )
    self.add_settable(Settable('debug', bool, "Show full traceback on exception", self))
    self.add_settable(Settable('echo', bool, "Echo command issued into output", self))
    self.add_settable(Settable('editor', str, "Program used by 'edit'", self))
    self.add_settable(Settable('feedback_to_output', bool, "Include nonessentials in '|' and '>' results", self))
    self.add_settable(
        Settable('max_completion_items', int, "Maximum number of CompletionItems to display during tab completion", self)
    )
    self.add_settable(Settable('quiet', bool, "Don't print nonessential feedback", self))
    self.add_settable(Settable('scripts_add_to_history', bool, 'Scripts and pyscripts add commands to history', self))
    self.add_settable(Settable('timing', bool, "Report execution times", self))

print_to

print_to(file, *objects, sep=' ', end='\n', style=None, soft_wrap=True, emoji=False, markup=False, highlight=False, rich_print_kwargs=None, **kwargs)

Print objects to a given file stream.

This method is configured for general-purpose printing. By default, it enables soft wrap and disables Rich's automatic detection for markup, emoji, and highlighting. These defaults can be overridden by passing explicit keyword arguments.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
file	file stream being written to TYPE: IO[str]
objects	objects to print TYPE: Any DEFAULT: ()
sep	string to write between printed text. Defaults to " ". TYPE: str DEFAULT: ' '
end	string to write at end of printed text. Defaults to a newline. TYPE: str DEFAULT: '\n'
style	optional style to apply to output TYPE: StyleType | None DEFAULT: None
soft_wrap	Enable soft wrap mode. Defaults to True. If True, text that doesn't fit will run on to the following line, just like with print(). This is useful for raw text and logs. If False, Rich wraps text to fit the terminal width. Set this to False when printing structured Renderables like Tables, Panels, or Columns to ensure they render as expected. For example, when soft_wrap is True Panels truncate text which is wider than the terminal. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
emoji	If True, Rich will replace emoji codes (e.g., ) with their corresponding Unicode characters. Defaults to False. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
markup	If True, Rich will interpret strings with tags (e.g., [bold]hello[/bold]) as styled output. Defaults to False. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
highlight	If True, Rich will automatically apply highlighting to elements within strings, such as common Python data types like numbers, booleans, or None. This is particularly useful when pretty printing objects like lists and dictionaries to display them in color. Defaults to False. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
rich_print_kwargs	optional additional keyword arguments to pass to Rich's Console.print(). TYPE: RichPrintKwargs | None DEFAULT: None
kwargs	Arbitrary keyword arguments. This allows subclasses to extend the signature of this method and still call super() without encountering unexpected keyword argument errors. These arguments are not passed to Rich's Console.print(). See the Rich documentation for more details on emoji codes, markup tags, and highlighting. TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def print_to(
    self,
    file: IO[str],
    *objects: Any,
    sep: str = " ",
    end: str = "\n",
    style: StyleType | None = None,
    soft_wrap: bool = True,
    emoji: bool = False,
    markup: bool = False,
    highlight: bool = False,
    rich_print_kwargs: RichPrintKwargs | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,  # noqa: ARG002
) -> None:
    """Print objects to a given file stream.

    This method is configured for general-purpose printing. By default, it enables
    soft wrap and disables Rich's automatic detection for markup, emoji, and highlighting.
    These defaults can be overridden by passing explicit keyword arguments.

    :param file: file stream being written to
    :param objects: objects to print
    :param sep: string to write between printed text. Defaults to " ".
    :param end: string to write at end of printed text. Defaults to a newline.
    :param style: optional style to apply to output
    :param soft_wrap: Enable soft wrap mode. Defaults to True.
                      If True, text that doesn't fit will run on to the following line,
                      just like with print(). This is useful for raw text and logs.
                      If False, Rich wraps text to fit the terminal width.
                      Set this to False when printing structured Renderables like
                      Tables, Panels, or Columns to ensure they render as expected.
                      For example, when soft_wrap is True Panels truncate text
                      which is wider than the terminal.
    :param emoji: If True, Rich will replace emoji codes (e.g., :smiley:) with their
                  corresponding Unicode characters. Defaults to False.
    :param markup: If True, Rich will interpret strings with tags (e.g., [bold]hello[/bold])
                   as styled output. Defaults to False.
    :param highlight: If True, Rich will automatically apply highlighting to elements within
                      strings, such as common Python data types like numbers, booleans, or None.
                      This is particularly useful when pretty printing objects like lists and
                      dictionaries to display them in color. Defaults to False.
    :param rich_print_kwargs: optional additional keyword arguments to pass to Rich's Console.print().
    :param kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments. This allows subclasses to extend the signature of this
                   method and still call `super()` without encountering unexpected keyword argument errors.
                   These arguments are not passed to Rich's Console.print().

    See the Rich documentation for more details on emoji codes, markup tags, and highlighting.
    """
    try:
        Cmd2BaseConsole(file=file).print(
            *objects,
            sep=sep,
            end=end,
            style=style,
            soft_wrap=soft_wrap,
            emoji=emoji,
            markup=markup,
            highlight=highlight,
            **(rich_print_kwargs if rich_print_kwargs is not None else {}),
        )
    except BrokenPipeError:
        # This occurs if a command's output is being piped to another
        # process which closes the pipe before the command is finished
        # writing. If you would like your application to print a
        # warning message, then set the broken_pipe_warning attribute
        # to the message you want printed.
        if self.broken_pipe_warning and file != sys.stderr:
            Cmd2GeneralConsole(file=sys.stderr).print(self.broken_pipe_warning)

poutput

poutput(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', style=None, soft_wrap=True, emoji=False, markup=False, highlight=False, rich_print_kwargs=None, **kwargs)

Print objects to self.stdout.

For details on the parameters, refer to the print_to method documentation.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def poutput(
    self,
    *objects: Any,
    sep: str = " ",
    end: str = "\n",
    style: StyleType | None = None,
    soft_wrap: bool = True,
    emoji: bool = False,
    markup: bool = False,
    highlight: bool = False,
    rich_print_kwargs: RichPrintKwargs | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,  # noqa: ARG002
) -> None:
    """Print objects to self.stdout.

    For details on the parameters, refer to the `print_to` method documentation.
    """
    self.print_to(
        self.stdout,
        *objects,
        sep=sep,
        end=end,
        style=style,
        soft_wrap=soft_wrap,
        emoji=emoji,
        markup=markup,
        highlight=highlight,
        rich_print_kwargs=rich_print_kwargs,
    )

perror

perror(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', style=ERROR, soft_wrap=True, emoji=False, markup=False, highlight=False, rich_print_kwargs=None, **kwargs)

Print objects to sys.stderr.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
style	optional style to apply to output. Defaults to Cmd2Style.ERROR. For details on the other parameters, refer to the print_to method documentation. TYPE: StyleType | None DEFAULT: ERROR

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def perror(
    self,
    *objects: Any,
    sep: str = " ",
    end: str = "\n",
    style: StyleType | None = Cmd2Style.ERROR,
    soft_wrap: bool = True,
    emoji: bool = False,
    markup: bool = False,
    highlight: bool = False,
    rich_print_kwargs: RichPrintKwargs | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,  # noqa: ARG002
) -> None:
    """Print objects to sys.stderr.

    :param style: optional style to apply to output. Defaults to Cmd2Style.ERROR.

    For details on the other parameters, refer to the `print_to` method documentation.
    """
    self.print_to(
        sys.stderr,
        *objects,
        sep=sep,
        end=end,
        style=style,
        soft_wrap=soft_wrap,
        emoji=emoji,
        markup=markup,
        highlight=highlight,
        rich_print_kwargs=rich_print_kwargs,
    )

psuccess

psuccess(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', soft_wrap=True, emoji=False, markup=False, highlight=False, rich_print_kwargs=None, **kwargs)

Wrap poutput, but apply Cmd2Style.SUCCESS.

For details on the parameters, refer to the print_to method documentation.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def psuccess(
    self,
    *objects: Any,
    sep: str = " ",
    end: str = "\n",
    soft_wrap: bool = True,
    emoji: bool = False,
    markup: bool = False,
    highlight: bool = False,
    rich_print_kwargs: RichPrintKwargs | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,  # noqa: ARG002
) -> None:
    """Wrap poutput, but apply Cmd2Style.SUCCESS.

    For details on the parameters, refer to the `print_to` method documentation.
    """
    self.poutput(
        *objects,
        sep=sep,
        end=end,
        style=Cmd2Style.SUCCESS,
        soft_wrap=soft_wrap,
        emoji=emoji,
        markup=markup,
        highlight=highlight,
        rich_print_kwargs=rich_print_kwargs,
    )

pwarning

pwarning(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', soft_wrap=True, emoji=False, markup=False, highlight=False, rich_print_kwargs=None, **kwargs)

Wrap perror, but apply Cmd2Style.WARNING.

For details on the parameters, refer to the print_to method documentation.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def pwarning(
    self,
    *objects: Any,
    sep: str = " ",
    end: str = "\n",
    soft_wrap: bool = True,
    emoji: bool = False,
    markup: bool = False,
    highlight: bool = False,
    rich_print_kwargs: RichPrintKwargs | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,  # noqa: ARG002
) -> None:
    """Wrap perror, but apply Cmd2Style.WARNING.

    For details on the parameters, refer to the `print_to` method documentation.
    """
    self.perror(
        *objects,
        sep=sep,
        end=end,
        style=Cmd2Style.WARNING,
        soft_wrap=soft_wrap,
        emoji=emoji,
        markup=markup,
        highlight=highlight,
        rich_print_kwargs=rich_print_kwargs,
    )

pexcept

pexcept(exception, **kwargs)

Print an exception to sys.stderr.

If debug is true, a full traceback is also printed, if one exists.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
exception	the exception to be printed. TYPE: BaseException
kwargs	Arbitrary keyword arguments. This allows subclasses to extend the signature of this method and still call super() without encountering unexpected keyword argument errors. TYPE: Any DEFAULT: {}

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def pexcept(
    self,
    exception: BaseException,
    **kwargs: Any,  # noqa: ARG002
) -> None:
    """Print an exception to sys.stderr.

    If `debug` is true, a full traceback is also printed, if one exists.

    :param exception: the exception to be printed.
    :param kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments. This allows subclasses to extend the signature of this
                   method and still call `super()` without encountering unexpected keyword argument errors.
    """
    console = Cmd2ExceptionConsole(file=sys.stderr)

    # Only print a traceback if we're in debug mode and one exists.
    if self.debug and sys.exc_info() != (None, None, None):
        traceback = Traceback(
            width=None,  # Use all available width
            code_width=None,  # Use all available width
            show_locals=True,
            max_frames=0,  # 0 means full traceback.
            word_wrap=True,  # Wrap long lines of code instead of truncate
        )
        console.print(traceback)
        console.print()
        return

    # Print the exception in the same style Rich uses after a traceback.
    exception_str = str(exception)

    if exception_str:
        highlighter = ReprHighlighter()

        final_msg = Text.assemble(
            (f"{type(exception).__name__}: ", "traceback.exc_type"),
            highlighter(exception_str),
        )
    else:
        final_msg = Text(f"{type(exception).__name__}", style="traceback.exc_type")

    # If not in debug mode and the 'debug' setting is available,
    # inform the user how to enable full tracebacks.
    if not self.debug and 'debug' in self.settables:
        help_msg = Text.assemble(
            "\n\n",
            ("To enable full traceback, run the following command: ", Cmd2Style.WARNING),
            ("set debug true", Cmd2Style.COMMAND_LINE),
        )
        final_msg.append(help_msg)

    console.print(final_msg)
    console.print()

pfeedback

pfeedback(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', style=None, soft_wrap=True, emoji=False, markup=False, highlight=False, rich_print_kwargs=None, **kwargs)

Print nonessential feedback.

The output can be silenced with the quiet setting and its inclusion in redirected output is controlled by the feedback_to_output setting.

For details on the parameters, refer to the print_to method documentation.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def pfeedback(
    self,
    *objects: Any,
    sep: str = " ",
    end: str = "\n",
    style: StyleType | None = None,
    soft_wrap: bool = True,
    emoji: bool = False,
    markup: bool = False,
    highlight: bool = False,
    rich_print_kwargs: RichPrintKwargs | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,  # noqa: ARG002
) -> None:
    """Print nonessential feedback.

    The output can be silenced with the `quiet` setting and its inclusion in redirected output
    is controlled by the `feedback_to_output` setting.

    For details on the parameters, refer to the `print_to` method documentation.
    """
    if not self.quiet:
        if self.feedback_to_output:
            self.poutput(
                *objects,
                sep=sep,
                end=end,
                style=style,
                soft_wrap=soft_wrap,
                emoji=emoji,
                markup=markup,
                highlight=highlight,
                rich_print_kwargs=rich_print_kwargs,
            )
        else:
            self.perror(
                *objects,
                sep=sep,
                end=end,
                style=style,
                soft_wrap=soft_wrap,
                emoji=emoji,
                markup=markup,
                highlight=highlight,
                rich_print_kwargs=rich_print_kwargs,
            )

ppaged

ppaged(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', style=None, chop=False, soft_wrap=True, emoji=False, markup=False, highlight=False, rich_print_kwargs=None, **kwargs)

Print output using a pager.

A pager is used when the terminal is interactive and may exit immediately if the output fits on the screen. A pager is not used inside a script (Python or text) or when output is redirected or piped, and in these cases, output is sent to poutput.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
chop	True -> causes lines longer than the screen width to be chopped (truncated) rather than wrapped - truncated text is still accessible by scrolling with the right & left arrow keys - chopping is ideal for displaying wide tabular data as is done in utilities like pgcli False -> causes lines longer than the screen width to wrap to the next line - wrapping is ideal when you want to keep users from having to use horizontal scrolling WARNING: On Windows, the text always wraps regardless of what the chop argument is set to TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
soft_wrap	Enable soft wrap mode. If True, lines of text will not be word-wrapped or cropped to fit the terminal width. Defaults to True. Note: If chop is True and a pager is used, soft_wrap is automatically set to True to prevent wrapping and allow for horizontal scrolling. For details on the other parameters, refer to the print_to method documentation. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def ppaged(
    self,
    *objects: Any,
    sep: str = " ",
    end: str = "\n",
    style: StyleType | None = None,
    chop: bool = False,
    soft_wrap: bool = True,
    emoji: bool = False,
    markup: bool = False,
    highlight: bool = False,
    rich_print_kwargs: RichPrintKwargs | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,  # noqa: ARG002
) -> None:
    """Print output using a pager.

    A pager is used when the terminal is interactive and may exit immediately if the output
    fits on the screen. A pager is not used inside a script (Python or text) or when output is
    redirected or piped, and in these cases, output is sent to `poutput`.

    :param chop: True -> causes lines longer than the screen width to be chopped (truncated) rather than wrapped
                          - truncated text is still accessible by scrolling with the right & left arrow keys
                          - chopping is ideal for displaying wide tabular data as is done in utilities like pgcli
                 False -> causes lines longer than the screen width to wrap to the next line
                          - wrapping is ideal when you want to keep users from having to use horizontal scrolling
                 WARNING: On Windows, the text always wraps regardless of what the chop argument is set to
    :param soft_wrap: Enable soft wrap mode. If True, lines of text will not be word-wrapped or cropped to
                      fit the terminal width. Defaults to True.

                      Note: If chop is True and a pager is used, soft_wrap is automatically set to True to
                      prevent wrapping and allow for horizontal scrolling.

    For details on the other parameters, refer to the `print_to` method documentation.
    """
    # Detect if we are running within an interactive terminal.
    # Don't try to use the pager when being run by a continuous integration system like Jenkins + pexpect.
    functional_terminal = (
        self.stdin.isatty()
        and self.stdout.isatty()
        and (sys.platform.startswith('win') or os.environ.get('TERM') is not None)
    )

    # A pager application blocks, so only run one if not redirecting or running a script (either text or Python).
    can_block = not (self._redirecting or self.in_pyscript() or self.in_script())

    # Check if we are outputting to a pager.
    if functional_terminal and can_block:
        # Chopping overrides soft_wrap
        if chop:
            soft_wrap = True

        # Generate the bytes to send to the pager
        console = Cmd2BaseConsole(file=self.stdout)
        with console.capture() as capture:
            console.print(
                *objects,
                sep=sep,
                end=end,
                style=style,
                soft_wrap=soft_wrap,
                emoji=emoji,
                markup=markup,
                highlight=highlight,
                **(rich_print_kwargs if rich_print_kwargs is not None else {}),
            )
        output_bytes = capture.get().encode('utf-8', 'replace')

        # Prevent KeyboardInterrupts while in the pager. The pager application will
        # still receive the SIGINT since it is in the same process group as us.
        with self.sigint_protection:
            import subprocess

            pipe_proc = subprocess.Popen(  # noqa: S602
                self.pager_chop if chop else self.pager,
                shell=True,
                stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                stdout=self.stdout,
            )
            pipe_proc.communicate(output_bytes)

    else:
        self.poutput(
            *objects,
            sep=sep,
            end=end,
            style=style,
            soft_wrap=soft_wrap,
            emoji=emoji,
            markup=markup,
            highlight=highlight,
            rich_print_kwargs=rich_print_kwargs,
        )

tokens_for_completion

tokens_for_completion(line, begidx, endidx)

Get all tokens through the one being completed, used by tab completion functions.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
line	the current input line with leading whitespace removed TYPE: str
begidx	the beginning index of the prefix text TYPE: int
endidx	the ending index of the prefix text TYPE: int

RETURNS

DESCRIPTION

tuple[list[str], list[str]]

A 2 item tuple where the items are On Success - tokens: list of unquoted tokens - this is generally the list needed for tab completion functions - raw_tokens: list of tokens with any quotes preserved = this can be used to know if a token was quoted or is missing a closing quote Both lists are guaranteed to have at least 1 item. The last item in both lists is the token being tab completed On Failure - Two empty lists

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def tokens_for_completion(self, line: str, begidx: int, endidx: int) -> tuple[list[str], list[str]]:
    """Get all tokens through the one being completed, used by tab completion functions.

    :param line: the current input line with leading whitespace removed
    :param begidx: the beginning index of the prefix text
    :param endidx: the ending index of the prefix text
    :return: A 2 item tuple where the items are
             **On Success**
             - tokens: list of unquoted tokens - this is generally the list needed for tab completion functions
             - raw_tokens: list of tokens with any quotes preserved = this can be used to know if a token was quoted
             or is missing a closing quote
             Both lists are guaranteed to have at least 1 item. The last item in both lists is the token being tab
             completed
             **On Failure**
             - Two empty lists
    """
    import copy

    unclosed_quote = ''
    quotes_to_try = copy.copy(constants.QUOTES)

    tmp_line = line[:endidx]
    tmp_endidx = endidx

    # Parse the line into tokens
    while True:
        try:
            initial_tokens = shlex_split(tmp_line[:tmp_endidx])

            # If the cursor is at an empty token outside of a quoted string,
            # then that is the token being completed. Add it to the list.
            if not unclosed_quote and begidx == tmp_endidx:
                initial_tokens.append('')
            break
        except ValueError as ex:
            # Make sure the exception was due to an unclosed quote and
            # we haven't exhausted the closing quotes to try
            if str(ex) == "No closing quotation" and quotes_to_try:
                # Add a closing quote and try to parse again
                unclosed_quote = quotes_to_try[0]
                quotes_to_try = quotes_to_try[1:]

                tmp_line = line[:endidx]
                tmp_line += unclosed_quote
                tmp_endidx = endidx + 1
            else:  # pragma: no cover
                # The parsing error is not caused by unclosed quotes.
                # Return empty lists since this means the line is malformed.
                return [], []

    # Further split tokens on punctuation characters
    raw_tokens = self.statement_parser.split_on_punctuation(initial_tokens)

    # Save the unquoted tokens
    tokens = [su.strip_quotes(cur_token) for cur_token in raw_tokens]

    # If the token being completed had an unclosed quote, we need
    # to remove the closing quote that was added in order for it
    # to match what was on the command line.
    if unclosed_quote:
        raw_tokens[-1] = raw_tokens[-1][:-1]

    return tokens, raw_tokens

basic_complete

basic_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, match_against)

Tab completion function that matches against a list of strings without considering line contents or cursor position.

The args required by this function are defined in the header of Python's cmd.py.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
text	the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it) TYPE: str
line	the current input line with leading whitespace removed TYPE: str
begidx	the beginning index of the prefix text TYPE: int
endidx	the ending index of the prefix text TYPE: int
match_against	the strings being matched against TYPE: Iterable[str]

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
list[str]	a list of possible tab completions

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def basic_complete(
    self,
    text: str,
    line: str,  # noqa: ARG002
    begidx: int,  # noqa: ARG002
    endidx: int,  # noqa: ARG002
    match_against: Iterable[str],
) -> list[str]:
    """Tab completion function that matches against a list of strings without considering line contents or cursor position.

    The args required by this function are defined in the header of Python's cmd.py.

    :param text: the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it)
    :param line: the current input line with leading whitespace removed
    :param begidx: the beginning index of the prefix text
    :param endidx: the ending index of the prefix text
    :param match_against: the strings being matched against
    :return: a list of possible tab completions
    """
    return [cur_match for cur_match in match_against if cur_match.startswith(text)]

delimiter_complete

delimiter_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, match_against, delimiter)

Perform tab completion against a list but each match is split on a delimiter.

Only the portion of the match being tab completed is shown as the completion suggestions. This is useful if you match against strings that are hierarchical in nature and have a common delimiter.

An easy way to illustrate this concept is path completion since paths are just directories/files delimited by a slash. If you are tab completing items in /home/user you don't get the following as suggestions:

/home/user/file.txt /home/user/program.c /home/user/maps/ /home/user/cmd2.py

Instead you are shown:

file.txt program.c maps/ cmd2.py

For a large set of data, this can be visually more pleasing and easier to search.

Another example would be strings formatted with the following syntax: company::department::name In this case the delimiter would be :: and the user could easily narrow down what they are looking for if they were only shown suggestions in the category they are at in the string.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
text	the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it) TYPE: str
line	the current input line with leading whitespace removed TYPE: str
begidx	the beginning index of the prefix text TYPE: int
endidx	the ending index of the prefix text TYPE: int
match_against	the list being matched against TYPE: Iterable[str]
delimiter	what delimits each portion of the matches (ex: paths are delimited by a slash) TYPE: str

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
list[str]	a list of possible tab completions

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def delimiter_complete(
    self,
    text: str,
    line: str,
    begidx: int,
    endidx: int,
    match_against: Iterable[str],
    delimiter: str,
) -> list[str]:
    """Perform tab completion against a list but each match is split on a delimiter.

    Only the portion of the match being tab completed is shown as the completion suggestions.
    This is useful if you match against strings that are hierarchical in nature and have a
    common delimiter.

    An easy way to illustrate this concept is path completion since paths are just directories/files
    delimited by a slash. If you are tab completing items in /home/user you don't get the following
    as suggestions:

    /home/user/file.txt     /home/user/program.c
    /home/user/maps/        /home/user/cmd2.py

    Instead you are shown:

    file.txt                program.c
    maps/                   cmd2.py

    For a large set of data, this can be visually more pleasing and easier to search.

    Another example would be strings formatted with the following syntax: company::department::name
    In this case the delimiter would be :: and the user could easily narrow down what they are looking
    for if they were only shown suggestions in the category they are at in the string.

    :param text: the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it)
    :param line: the current input line with leading whitespace removed
    :param begidx: the beginning index of the prefix text
    :param endidx: the ending index of the prefix text
    :param match_against: the list being matched against
    :param delimiter: what delimits each portion of the matches (ex: paths are delimited by a slash)
    :return: a list of possible tab completions
    """
    matches = self.basic_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, match_against)
    if not matches:
        return []

    # Set this to True for proper quoting of matches with spaces
    self.matches_delimited = True

    # Get the common beginning for the matches
    common_prefix = os.path.commonprefix(matches)
    prefix_tokens = common_prefix.split(delimiter)

    # Calculate what portion of the match we are completing
    display_token_index = 0
    if prefix_tokens:
        display_token_index = len(prefix_tokens) - 1

    # Remove from each match everything after where the user is completing.
    # This approach can result in duplicates so we will filter those out.
    unique_results: dict[str, str] = {}

    for cur_match in matches:
        match_tokens = cur_match.split(delimiter)

        filtered_match = delimiter.join(match_tokens[: display_token_index + 1])
        display_match = match_tokens[display_token_index]

        # If there are more tokens, then we aren't done completing a full item
        if len(match_tokens) > display_token_index + 1:
            filtered_match += delimiter
            display_match += delimiter
            self.allow_appended_space = False
            self.allow_closing_quote = False

        if filtered_match not in unique_results:
            unique_results[filtered_match] = display_match

    filtered_matches = list(unique_results.keys())
    self.display_matches = list(unique_results.values())

    return filtered_matches

flag_based_complete

flag_based_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, flag_dict, *, all_else=None)

Tab completes based on a particular flag preceding the token being completed.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
text	the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it) TYPE: str
line	the current input line with leading whitespace removed TYPE: str
begidx	the beginning index of the prefix text TYPE: int
endidx	the ending index of the prefix text TYPE: int
flag_dict	dictionary whose structure is the following: keys - flags (ex: -c, --create) that result in tab completion for the next argument in the command line values - there are two types of values: 1. iterable list of strings to match against (dictionaries, lists, etc.) 2. function that performs tab completion (ex: path_complete) TYPE: dict[str, Iterable[str] | CompleterFunc]
all_else	an optional parameter for tab completing any token that isn't preceded by a flag in flag_dict TYPE: None | Iterable[str] | CompleterFunc DEFAULT: None

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
list[str]	a list of possible tab completions

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def flag_based_complete(
    self,
    text: str,
    line: str,
    begidx: int,
    endidx: int,
    flag_dict: dict[str, Iterable[str] | CompleterFunc],
    *,
    all_else: None | Iterable[str] | CompleterFunc = None,
) -> list[str]:
    """Tab completes based on a particular flag preceding the token being completed.

    :param text: the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it)
    :param line: the current input line with leading whitespace removed
    :param begidx: the beginning index of the prefix text
    :param endidx: the ending index of the prefix text
    :param flag_dict: dictionary whose structure is the following:
                      `keys` - flags (ex: -c, --create) that result in tab completion for the next argument in the
                      command line
                      `values` - there are two types of values:
                      1. iterable list of strings to match against (dictionaries, lists, etc.)
                      2. function that performs tab completion (ex: path_complete)
    :param all_else: an optional parameter for tab completing any token that isn't preceded by a flag in flag_dict
    :return: a list of possible tab completions
    """
    # Get all tokens through the one being completed
    tokens, _ = self.tokens_for_completion(line, begidx, endidx)
    if not tokens:  # pragma: no cover
        return []

    completions_matches = []
    match_against = all_else

    # Must have at least 2 args for a flag to precede the token being completed
    if len(tokens) > 1:
        flag = tokens[-2]
        if flag in flag_dict:
            match_against = flag_dict[flag]

    # Perform tab completion using an Iterable
    if isinstance(match_against, Iterable):
        completions_matches = self.basic_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, match_against)

    # Perform tab completion using a function
    elif callable(match_against):
        completions_matches = match_against(text, line, begidx, endidx)

    return completions_matches

index_based_complete

index_based_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, index_dict, *, all_else=None)

Tab completes based on a fixed position in the input string.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
text	the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it) TYPE: str
line	the current input line with leading whitespace removed TYPE: str
begidx	the beginning index of the prefix text TYPE: int
endidx	the ending index of the prefix text TYPE: int
index_dict	dictionary whose structure is the following: keys - 0-based token indexes into command line that determine which tokens perform tab completion values - there are two types of values: 1. iterable list of strings to match against (dictionaries, lists, etc.) 2. function that performs tab completion (ex: path_complete) TYPE: Mapping[int, Iterable[str] | CompleterFunc]
all_else	an optional parameter for tab completing any token that isn't at an index in index_dict TYPE: Iterable[str] | CompleterFunc | None DEFAULT: None

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
list[str]	a list of possible tab completions

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def index_based_complete(
    self,
    text: str,
    line: str,
    begidx: int,
    endidx: int,
    index_dict: Mapping[int, Iterable[str] | CompleterFunc],
    *,
    all_else: Iterable[str] | CompleterFunc | None = None,
) -> list[str]:
    """Tab completes based on a fixed position in the input string.

    :param text: the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it)
    :param line: the current input line with leading whitespace removed
    :param begidx: the beginning index of the prefix text
    :param endidx: the ending index of the prefix text
    :param index_dict: dictionary whose structure is the following:
                       `keys` - 0-based token indexes into command line that determine which tokens perform tab
                       completion
                       `values` - there are two types of values:
                       1. iterable list of strings to match against (dictionaries, lists, etc.)
                       2. function that performs tab completion (ex: path_complete)
    :param all_else: an optional parameter for tab completing any token that isn't at an index in index_dict
    :return: a list of possible tab completions
    """
    # Get all tokens through the one being completed
    tokens, _ = self.tokens_for_completion(line, begidx, endidx)
    if not tokens:  # pragma: no cover
        return []

    matches = []

    # Get the index of the token being completed
    index = len(tokens) - 1

    # Check if token is at an index in the dictionary
    match_against: Iterable[str] | CompleterFunc | None
    match_against = index_dict.get(index, all_else)

    # Perform tab completion using a Iterable
    if isinstance(match_against, Iterable):
        matches = self.basic_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, match_against)

    # Perform tab completion using a function
    elif callable(match_against):
        matches = match_against(text, line, begidx, endidx)

    return matches

path_complete

path_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, *, path_filter=None)

Perform completion of local file system paths.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
text	the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it) TYPE: str
line	the current input line with leading whitespace removed TYPE: str
begidx	the beginning index of the prefix text TYPE: int
endidx	the ending index of the prefix text TYPE: int
path_filter	optional filter function that determines if a path belongs in the results this function takes a path as its argument and returns True if the path should be kept in the results TYPE: Callable[[str], bool] | None DEFAULT: None

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
list[str]	a list of possible tab completions

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def path_complete(
    self,
    text: str,
    line: str,
    begidx: int,  # noqa: ARG002
    endidx: int,
    *,
    path_filter: Callable[[str], bool] | None = None,
) -> list[str]:
    """Perform completion of local file system paths.

    :param text: the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it)
    :param line: the current input line with leading whitespace removed
    :param begidx: the beginning index of the prefix text
    :param endidx: the ending index of the prefix text
    :param path_filter: optional filter function that determines if a path belongs in the results
                        this function takes a path as its argument and returns True if the path should
                        be kept in the results
    :return: a list of possible tab completions
    """

    # Used to complete ~ and ~user strings
    def complete_users() -> list[str]:
        users = []

        # Windows lacks the pwd module so we can't get a list of users.
        # Instead we will return a result once the user enters text that
        # resolves to an existing home directory.
        if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
            expanded_path = os.path.expanduser(text)
            if os.path.isdir(expanded_path):
                user = text
                if add_trailing_sep_if_dir:
                    user += os.path.sep
                users.append(user)
        else:
            import pwd

            # Iterate through a list of users from the password database
            for cur_pw in pwd.getpwall():
                # Check if the user has an existing home dir
                if os.path.isdir(cur_pw.pw_dir):
                    # Add a ~ to the user to match against text
                    cur_user = '~' + cur_pw.pw_name
                    if cur_user.startswith(text):
                        if add_trailing_sep_if_dir:
                            cur_user += os.path.sep
                        users.append(cur_user)

        if users:
            # We are returning ~user strings that resolve to directories,
            # so don't append a space or quote in the case of a single result.
            self.allow_appended_space = False
            self.allow_closing_quote = False

        return users

    # Determine if a trailing separator should be appended to directory completions
    add_trailing_sep_if_dir = False
    if endidx == len(line) or (endidx < len(line) and line[endidx] != os.path.sep):
        add_trailing_sep_if_dir = True

    # Used to replace cwd in the final results
    cwd = os.getcwd()
    cwd_added = False

    # Used to replace expanded user path in final result
    orig_tilde_path = ''
    expanded_tilde_path = ''

    # If the search text is blank, then search in the CWD for *
    if not text:
        search_str = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), '*')
        cwd_added = True
    else:
        # Purposely don't match any path containing wildcards
        wildcards = ['*', '?']
        for wildcard in wildcards:
            if wildcard in text:
                return []

        # Start the search string
        search_str = text + '*'

        # Handle tilde expansion and completion
        if text.startswith('~'):
            sep_index = text.find(os.path.sep, 1)

            # If there is no slash, then the user is still completing the user after the tilde
            if sep_index == -1:
                return complete_users()

            # Otherwise expand the user dir
            search_str = os.path.expanduser(search_str)

            # Get what we need to restore the original tilde path later
            orig_tilde_path = text[:sep_index]
            expanded_tilde_path = os.path.expanduser(orig_tilde_path)

        # If the search text does not have a directory, then use the cwd
        elif not os.path.dirname(text):
            search_str = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), search_str)
            cwd_added = True

    # Find all matching path completions
    matches = glob.glob(search_str)

    # Filter out results that don't belong
    if path_filter is not None:
        matches = [c for c in matches if path_filter(c)]

    if matches:
        # Set this to True for proper quoting of paths with spaces
        self.matches_delimited = True

        # Don't append a space or closing quote to directory
        if len(matches) == 1 and os.path.isdir(matches[0]):
            self.allow_appended_space = False
            self.allow_closing_quote = False

        # Sort the matches before any trailing slashes are added
        matches.sort(key=self.default_sort_key)
        self.matches_sorted = True

        # Build display_matches and add a slash to directories
        for index, cur_match in enumerate(matches):
            # Display only the basename of this path in the tab completion suggestions
            self.display_matches.append(os.path.basename(cur_match))

            # Add a separator after directories if the next character isn't already a separator
            if os.path.isdir(cur_match) and add_trailing_sep_if_dir:
                matches[index] += os.path.sep
                self.display_matches[index] += os.path.sep

        # Remove cwd if it was added to match the text readline expects
        if cwd_added:
            to_replace = cwd if cwd == os.path.sep else cwd + os.path.sep
            matches = [cur_path.replace(to_replace, '', 1) for cur_path in matches]

        # Restore the tilde string if we expanded one to match the text readline expects
        if expanded_tilde_path:
            matches = [cur_path.replace(expanded_tilde_path, orig_tilde_path, 1) for cur_path in matches]

    return matches

shell_cmd_complete

shell_cmd_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, *, complete_blank=False)

Perform completion of executables either in a user's path or a given path.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
text	the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it) TYPE: str
line	the current input line with leading whitespace removed TYPE: str
begidx	the beginning index of the prefix text TYPE: int
endidx	the ending index of the prefix text TYPE: int
complete_blank	If True, then a blank will complete all shell commands in a user's path. If False, then no completion is performed. Defaults to False to match Bash shell behavior. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
list[str]	a list of possible tab completions

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def shell_cmd_complete(self, text: str, line: str, begidx: int, endidx: int, *, complete_blank: bool = False) -> list[str]:
    """Perform completion of executables either in a user's path or a given path.

    :param text: the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it)
    :param line: the current input line with leading whitespace removed
    :param begidx: the beginning index of the prefix text
    :param endidx: the ending index of the prefix text
    :param complete_blank: If True, then a blank will complete all shell commands in a user's path. If False, then
                           no completion is performed. Defaults to False to match Bash shell behavior.
    :return: a list of possible tab completions
    """
    # Don't tab complete anything if no shell command has been started
    if not complete_blank and not text:
        return []

    # If there are no path characters in the search text, then do shell command completion in the user's path
    if not text.startswith('~') and os.path.sep not in text:
        return utils.get_exes_in_path(text)

    # Otherwise look for executables in the given path
    return self.path_complete(
        text, line, begidx, endidx, path_filter=lambda path: os.path.isdir(path) or os.access(path, os.X_OK)
    )

complete

complete(text, state, custom_settings=None)

Override of cmd's complete method which returns the next possible completion for 'text'.

This completer function is called by readline as complete(text, state), for state in 0, 1, 2, …, until it returns a non-string value. It should return the next possible completion starting with text.

Since readline suppresses any exception raised in completer functions, they can be difficult to debug. Therefore, this function wraps the actual tab completion logic and prints to stderr any exception that occurs before returning control to readline.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
text	the current word that user is typing TYPE: str
state	non-negative integer TYPE: int
custom_settings	used when not tab completing the main command line TYPE: CustomCompletionSettings | None DEFAULT: None

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
str | None	the next possible completion for text or None

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def complete(self, text: str, state: int, custom_settings: utils.CustomCompletionSettings | None = None) -> str | None:
    """Override of cmd's complete method which returns the next possible completion for 'text'.

    This completer function is called by readline as complete(text, state), for state in 0, 1, 2, …,
    until it returns a non-string value. It should return the next possible completion starting with text.

    Since readline suppresses any exception raised in completer functions, they can be difficult to debug.
    Therefore, this function wraps the actual tab completion logic and prints to stderr any exception that
    occurs before returning control to readline.

    :param text: the current word that user is typing
    :param state: non-negative integer
    :param custom_settings: used when not tab completing the main command line
    :return: the next possible completion for text or None
    """
    try:
        if state == 0:
            self._reset_completion_defaults()

            # Check if we are completing a multiline command
            if self._at_continuation_prompt:
                # lstrip and prepend the previously typed portion of this multiline command
                lstripped_previous = self._multiline_in_progress.lstrip()
                line = lstripped_previous + readline.get_line_buffer()

                # Increment the indexes to account for the prepended text
                begidx = len(lstripped_previous) + readline.get_begidx()
                endidx = len(lstripped_previous) + readline.get_endidx()
            else:
                # lstrip the original line
                orig_line = readline.get_line_buffer()
                line = orig_line.lstrip()
                num_stripped = len(orig_line) - len(line)

                # Calculate new indexes for the stripped line. If the cursor is at a position before the end of a
                # line of spaces, then the following math could result in negative indexes. Enforce a max of 0.
                begidx = max(readline.get_begidx() - num_stripped, 0)
                endidx = max(readline.get_endidx() - num_stripped, 0)

            # Shortcuts are not word break characters when tab completing. Therefore, shortcuts become part
            # of the text variable if there isn't a word break, like a space, after it. We need to remove it
            # from text and update the indexes. This only applies if we are at the beginning of the command line.
            shortcut_to_restore = ''
            if begidx == 0 and custom_settings is None:
                for shortcut, _ in self.statement_parser.shortcuts:
                    if text.startswith(shortcut):
                        # Save the shortcut to restore later
                        shortcut_to_restore = shortcut

                        # Adjust text and where it begins
                        text = text[len(shortcut_to_restore) :]
                        begidx += len(shortcut_to_restore)
                        break
                else:
                    # No shortcut was found. Complete the command token.
                    parser = argparse_custom.DEFAULT_ARGUMENT_PARSER(add_help=False)
                    parser.add_argument(
                        'command',
                        metavar="COMMAND",
                        help="command, alias, or macro name",
                        choices=self._get_commands_aliases_and_macros_for_completion(),
                    )
                    custom_settings = utils.CustomCompletionSettings(parser)

            self._perform_completion(text, line, begidx, endidx, custom_settings)

            # Check if we need to restore a shortcut in the tab completions
            # so it doesn't get erased from the command line
            if shortcut_to_restore:
                self.completion_matches = [shortcut_to_restore + match for match in self.completion_matches]

            # If we have one result and we are at the end of the line, then add a space if allowed
            if len(self.completion_matches) == 1 and endidx == len(line) and self.allow_appended_space:
                self.completion_matches[0] += ' '

            # Sort matches if they haven't already been sorted
            if not self.matches_sorted:
                self.completion_matches.sort(key=self.default_sort_key)
                self.display_matches.sort(key=self.default_sort_key)
                self.matches_sorted = True

        try:
            return self.completion_matches[state]
        except IndexError:
            return None

    except CompletionError as ex:
        # Don't print error and redraw the prompt unless the error has length
        err_str = str(ex)
        if err_str:
            self.print_to(
                sys.stdout,
                Text.assemble(
                    "\n",
                    (err_str, Cmd2Style.ERROR if ex.apply_style else ""),
                ),
            )
            rl_force_redisplay()
        return None
    except Exception as ex:  # noqa: BLE001
        # Insert a newline so the exception doesn't print in the middle of the command line being tab completed
        self.perror()
        self.pexcept(ex)
        rl_force_redisplay()
        return None

in_script

in_script()

Return whether a text script is running.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def in_script(self) -> bool:
    """Return whether a text script is running."""
    return self._current_script_dir is not None

in_pyscript

in_pyscript()

Return whether running inside a Python shell or pyscript.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def in_pyscript(self) -> bool:
    """Return whether running inside a Python shell or pyscript."""
    return self._in_py

get_names

get_names()

Return an alphabetized list of names comprising the attributes of the cmd2 class instance.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def get_names(self) -> list[str]:
    """Return an alphabetized list of names comprising the attributes of the cmd2 class instance."""
    return dir(self)

get_all_commands

get_all_commands()

Return a list of all commands.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def get_all_commands(self) -> list[str]:
    """Return a list of all commands."""
    return [
        name[len(constants.COMMAND_FUNC_PREFIX) :]
        for name in self.get_names()
        if name.startswith(constants.COMMAND_FUNC_PREFIX) and callable(getattr(self, name))
    ]

get_visible_commands

get_visible_commands()

Return a list of commands that have not been hidden or disabled.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def get_visible_commands(self) -> list[str]:
    """Return a list of commands that have not been hidden or disabled."""
    return [
        command
        for command in self.get_all_commands()
        if command not in self.hidden_commands and command not in self.disabled_commands
    ]

get_help_topics

get_help_topics()

Return a list of help topics.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def get_help_topics(self) -> list[str]:
    """Return a list of help topics."""
    all_topics = [
        name[len(constants.HELP_FUNC_PREFIX) :]
        for name in self.get_names()
        if name.startswith(constants.HELP_FUNC_PREFIX) and callable(getattr(self, name))
    ]

    # Filter out hidden and disabled commands
    return [topic for topic in all_topics if topic not in self.hidden_commands and topic not in self.disabled_commands]

sigint_handler

sigint_handler(signum, frame)

Signal handler for SIGINTs which typically come from Ctrl-C events.

If you need custom SIGINT behavior, then override this method.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
signum	signal number TYPE: int
frame	the current stack frame or None TYPE: FrameType | None

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def sigint_handler(
    self,
    signum: int,  # noqa: ARG002,
    frame: FrameType | None,  # noqa: ARG002,
) -> None:
    """Signal handler for SIGINTs which typically come from Ctrl-C events.

    If you need custom SIGINT behavior, then override this method.

    :param signum: signal number
    :param frame: the current stack frame or None
    """
    if self._cur_pipe_proc_reader is not None:
        # Pass the SIGINT to the current pipe process
        self._cur_pipe_proc_reader.send_sigint()

    # Check if we are allowed to re-raise the KeyboardInterrupt
    if not self.sigint_protection:
        raise_interrupt = True
        if self.current_command is not None:
            command_set = self.find_commandset_for_command(self.current_command.command)
            if command_set is not None:
                raise_interrupt = not command_set.sigint_handler()
        if raise_interrupt:
            self._raise_keyboard_interrupt()

termination_signal_handler

termination_signal_handler(signum, _)

Signal handler for SIGHUP and SIGTERM. Only runs on Linux and Mac.

SIGHUP - received when terminal window is closed SIGTERM - received when this app has been requested to terminate

The basic purpose of this method is to call sys.exit() so our exit handler will run and save the persistent history file. If you need more complex behavior like killing threads and performing cleanup, then override this method.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
signum	signal number TYPE: int
_	the current stack frame or None TYPE: FrameType | None

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def termination_signal_handler(self, signum: int, _: FrameType | None) -> None:
    """Signal handler for SIGHUP and SIGTERM. Only runs on Linux and Mac.

    SIGHUP - received when terminal window is closed
    SIGTERM - received when this app has been requested to terminate

    The basic purpose of this method is to call sys.exit() so our exit handler will run
    and save the persistent history file. If you need more complex behavior like killing
    threads and performing cleanup, then override this method.

    :param signum: signal number
    :param _: the current stack frame or None
    """
    # POSIX systems add 128 to signal numbers for the exit code
    sys.exit(128 + signum)

precmd

precmd(statement)

Ran just before the command is executed by cmd2.Cmd.onecmd and after adding it to history (cmd Hook method).

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
statement	subclass of str which also contains the parsed input TYPE: Statement | str

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
Statement	a potentially modified version of the input Statement object See cmd2.Cmd.register_postparsing_hook and cmd2.Cmd.register_precmd_hook for more robust ways to run hooks before the command is executed. See Hooks for more information.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def precmd(self, statement: Statement | str) -> Statement:
    """Ran just before the command is executed by [cmd2.Cmd.onecmd][] and after adding it to history (cmd  Hook method).

    :param statement: subclass of str which also contains the parsed input
    :return: a potentially modified version of the input Statement object

    See [cmd2.Cmd.register_postparsing_hook][] and [cmd2.Cmd.register_precmd_hook][] for more robust ways
    to run hooks before the command is executed. See [Hooks](../features/hooks.md) for more information.
    """
    return Statement(statement) if not isinstance(statement, Statement) else statement

postcmd

postcmd(stop, statement)

Ran just after a command is executed by cmd2.Cmd.onecmd (cmd inherited Hook method).

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
stop	return True to request the command loop terminate TYPE: bool
statement	subclass of str which also contains the parsed input See cmd2.Cmd.register_postcmd_hook and cmd2.Cmd.register_cmdfinalization_hook for more robust ways to run hooks after the command is executed. See Hooks for more information. TYPE: Statement | str

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def postcmd(self, stop: bool, statement: Statement | str) -> bool:  # noqa: ARG002
    """Ran just after a command is executed by [cmd2.Cmd.onecmd][] (cmd inherited Hook method).

    :param stop: return `True` to request the command loop terminate
    :param statement: subclass of str which also contains the parsed input

    See [cmd2.Cmd.register_postcmd_hook][] and [cmd2.Cmd.register_cmdfinalization_hook][] for more robust ways
    to run hooks after the command is executed. See [Hooks](../features/hooks.md) for more information.
    """
    return stop

preloop

preloop()

Ran once when the cmd2.Cmd.cmdloop method is called (cmd inherited Hook method).

This method is a stub that does nothing and exists to be overridden by subclasses.

See cmd2.Cmd.register_preloop_hook for a more robust wayto run hooks before the command loop begins. See Hooks for more information.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def preloop(self) -> None:
    """Ran once when the [cmd2.Cmd.cmdloop][] method is called (cmd inherited Hook method).

    This method is a stub that does nothing and exists to be overridden by subclasses.

    See [cmd2.Cmd.register_preloop_hook][] for a more robust wayto run hooks before the command loop begins.
    See [Hooks](../features/hooks.md) for more information.
    """

postloop

postloop()

Ran once when the cmd2.Cmd.cmdloop method is about to return (cmd inherited Hook Method).

This method is a stub that does nothing and exists to be overridden by subclasses.

See cmd2.Cmd.register_postloop_hook for a more robust way to run hooks after the command loop completes. See Hooks for more information.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def postloop(self) -> None:
    """Ran once when the [cmd2.Cmd.cmdloop][] method is about to return (cmd inherited Hook Method).

    This method is a stub that does nothing and exists to be overridden by subclasses.

    See [cmd2.Cmd.register_postloop_hook][] for a more robust way to run hooks after the command loop completes.
    See [Hooks](../features/hooks.md) for more information.
    """

parseline

parseline(line)

Parse the line into a command name and a string containing the arguments.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
line	line read by readline TYPE: str

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
tuple[str, str, str]	tuple containing (command, args, line)

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def parseline(self, line: str) -> tuple[str, str, str]:
    """Parse the line into a command name and a string containing the arguments.

    :param line: line read by readline
    :return: tuple containing (command, args, line)
    """
    statement = self.statement_parser.parse_command_only(line)
    return statement.command, statement.args, statement.command_and_args

onecmd_plus_hooks

onecmd_plus_hooks(line, *, add_to_history=True, raise_keyboard_interrupt=False, py_bridge_call=False, orig_rl_history_length=None)

Top-level function called by cmdloop() to handle parsing a line and running the command and all of its hooks.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
line	command line to run TYPE: str
add_to_history	If True, then add this command to history. Defaults to True. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
raise_keyboard_interrupt	if True, then KeyboardInterrupt exceptions will be raised if stop isn't already True. This is used when running commands in a loop to be able to stop the whole loop and not just the current command. Defaults to False. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
py_bridge_call	This should only ever be set to True by PyBridge to signify the beginning of an app() call from Python. It is used to enable/disable the storage of the command's stdout. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
orig_rl_history_length	Optional length of the readline history before the current command was typed. This is used to assist in combining multiline readline history entries and is only populated by cmd2. Defaults to None. TYPE: int | None DEFAULT: None

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool	True if running of commands should stop

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def onecmd_plus_hooks(
    self,
    line: str,
    *,
    add_to_history: bool = True,
    raise_keyboard_interrupt: bool = False,
    py_bridge_call: bool = False,
    orig_rl_history_length: int | None = None,
) -> bool:
    """Top-level function called by cmdloop() to handle parsing a line and running the command and all of its hooks.

    :param line: command line to run
    :param add_to_history: If True, then add this command to history. Defaults to True.
    :param raise_keyboard_interrupt: if True, then KeyboardInterrupt exceptions will be raised if stop isn't already
                                     True. This is used when running commands in a loop to be able to stop the whole
                                     loop and not just the current command. Defaults to False.
    :param py_bridge_call: This should only ever be set to True by PyBridge to signify the beginning
                           of an app() call from Python. It is used to enable/disable the storage of the
                           command's stdout.
    :param orig_rl_history_length: Optional length of the readline history before the current command was typed.
                                   This is used to assist in combining multiline readline history entries and is only
                                   populated by cmd2. Defaults to None.
    :return: True if running of commands should stop
    """
    import datetime

    stop = False
    statement = None

    try:
        # Convert the line into a Statement
        statement = self._input_line_to_statement(line, orig_rl_history_length=orig_rl_history_length)

        # call the postparsing hooks
        postparsing_data = plugin.PostparsingData(False, statement)
        for postparsing_func in self._postparsing_hooks:
            postparsing_data = postparsing_func(postparsing_data)
            if postparsing_data.stop:
                break

        # unpack the postparsing_data object
        statement = postparsing_data.statement
        stop = postparsing_data.stop
        if stop:
            # we should not run the command, but
            # we need to run the finalization hooks
            raise EmptyStatement  # noqa: TRY301

        redir_saved_state: utils.RedirectionSavedState | None = None

        try:
            # Get sigint protection while we set up redirection
            with self.sigint_protection:
                if py_bridge_call:
                    # Start saving command's stdout at this point
                    self.stdout.pause_storage = False  # type: ignore[attr-defined]

                redir_saved_state = self._redirect_output(statement)

            timestart = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)

            # precommand hooks
            precmd_data = plugin.PrecommandData(statement)
            for precmd_func in self._precmd_hooks:
                precmd_data = precmd_func(precmd_data)
            statement = precmd_data.statement

            # call precmd() for compatibility with cmd.Cmd
            statement = self.precmd(statement)

            # go run the command function
            stop = self.onecmd(statement, add_to_history=add_to_history)

            # postcommand hooks
            postcmd_data = plugin.PostcommandData(stop, statement)
            for postcmd_func in self._postcmd_hooks:
                postcmd_data = postcmd_func(postcmd_data)

            # retrieve the final value of stop, ignoring any statement modification from the hooks
            stop = postcmd_data.stop

            # call postcmd() for compatibility with cmd.Cmd
            stop = self.postcmd(stop, statement)

            if self.timing:
                self.pfeedback(f'Elapsed: {datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc) - timestart}')
        finally:
            # Get sigint protection while we restore stuff
            with self.sigint_protection:
                if redir_saved_state is not None:
                    self._restore_output(statement, redir_saved_state)

                if py_bridge_call:
                    # Stop saving command's stdout before command finalization hooks run
                    self.stdout.pause_storage = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    except (SkipPostcommandHooks, EmptyStatement):
        # Don't do anything, but do allow command finalization hooks to run
        pass
    except Cmd2ShlexError as ex:
        self.perror(f"Invalid syntax: {ex}")
    except RedirectionError as ex:
        self.perror(ex)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        if raise_keyboard_interrupt and not stop:
            raise
    except SystemExit as ex:
        if isinstance(ex.code, int):
            self.exit_code = ex.code
        stop = True
    except PassThroughException as ex:
        raise ex.wrapped_ex from None
    except Exception as ex:  # noqa: BLE001
        self.pexcept(ex)
    finally:
        try:
            stop = self._run_cmdfinalization_hooks(stop, statement)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            if raise_keyboard_interrupt and not stop:
                raise
        except SystemExit as ex:
            if isinstance(ex.code, int):
                self.exit_code = ex.code
            stop = True
        except PassThroughException as ex:
            raise ex.wrapped_ex from None
        except Exception as ex:  # noqa: BLE001
            self.pexcept(ex)

    return stop

runcmds_plus_hooks

runcmds_plus_hooks(cmds, *, add_to_history=True, stop_on_keyboard_interrupt=False)

Run commands in an automated fashion from sources like text scripts or history replays.

The prompt and command line for each command will be printed if echo is True.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
cmds	commands to run TYPE: list[HistoryItem] | list[str]
add_to_history	If True, then add these commands to history. Defaults to True. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
stop_on_keyboard_interrupt	if True, then stop running contents of cmds if Ctrl-C is pressed instead of moving to the next command in the list. This is used when the commands are part of a group, like a text script, which should stop upon Ctrl-C. Defaults to False. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool	True if running of commands should stop

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def runcmds_plus_hooks(
    self,
    cmds: list[HistoryItem] | list[str],
    *,
    add_to_history: bool = True,
    stop_on_keyboard_interrupt: bool = False,
) -> bool:
    """Run commands in an automated fashion from sources like text scripts or history replays.

    The prompt and command line for each command will be printed if echo is True.

    :param cmds: commands to run
    :param add_to_history: If True, then add these commands to history. Defaults to True.
    :param stop_on_keyboard_interrupt: if True, then stop running contents of cmds if Ctrl-C is pressed instead of moving
                                       to the next command in the list. This is used when the commands are part of a
                                       group, like a text script, which should stop upon Ctrl-C. Defaults to False.
    :return: True if running of commands should stop
    """
    for line in cmds:
        if isinstance(line, HistoryItem):
            line = line.raw  # noqa: PLW2901

        if self.echo:
            self.poutput(f'{self.prompt}{line}')

        try:
            if self.onecmd_plus_hooks(
                line, add_to_history=add_to_history, raise_keyboard_interrupt=stop_on_keyboard_interrupt
            ):
                return True
        except KeyboardInterrupt as ex:
            if stop_on_keyboard_interrupt:
                self.perror(ex)
                break

    return False

cmd_func

cmd_func(command)

Get the function for a command.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
command	the name of the command Example: py helpfunc = self.cmd_func('help') helpfunc now contains a reference to the do_help method TYPE: str

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def cmd_func(self, command: str) -> CommandFunc | None:
    """Get the function for a command.

    :param command: the name of the command

    Example:
    ```py
    helpfunc = self.cmd_func('help')
    ```

    helpfunc now contains a reference to the ``do_help`` method

    """
    func_name = constants.COMMAND_FUNC_PREFIX + command
    func = getattr(self, func_name, None)
    return cast(CommandFunc, func) if callable(func) else None

onecmd

onecmd(statement, *, add_to_history=True)

Execute the actual do_* method for a command.

If the command provided doesn't exist, then it executes default() instead.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
statement	intended to be a Statement instance parsed command from the input stream, alternative acceptance of a str is present only for backward compatibility with cmd TYPE: Statement | str
add_to_history	If True, then add this command to history. Defaults to True. TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool	a flag indicating whether the interpretation of commands should stop

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def onecmd(self, statement: Statement | str, *, add_to_history: bool = True) -> bool:
    """Execute the actual do_* method for a command.

    If the command provided doesn't exist, then it executes default() instead.

    :param statement: intended to be a Statement instance parsed command from the input stream, alternative
                      acceptance of a str is present only for backward compatibility with cmd
    :param add_to_history: If True, then add this command to history. Defaults to True.
    :return: a flag indicating whether the interpretation of commands should stop
    """
    # For backwards compatibility with cmd, allow a str to be passed in
    if not isinstance(statement, Statement):
        statement = self._input_line_to_statement(statement)

    func = self.cmd_func(statement.command)
    if func:
        # Check to see if this command should be stored in history
        if (
            statement.command not in self.exclude_from_history
            and statement.command not in self.disabled_commands
            and add_to_history
        ):
            self.history.append(statement)

        try:
            self.current_command = statement
            stop = func(statement)
        finally:
            self.current_command = None

    else:
        stop = self.default(statement)

    return stop if stop is not None else False

default

default(statement)

Execute when the command given isn't a recognized command implemented by a do_* method.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
statement	Statement object with parsed input TYPE: Statement

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def default(self, statement: Statement) -> bool | None:
    """Execute when the command given isn't a recognized command implemented by a do_* method.

    :param statement: Statement object with parsed input
    """
    if self.default_to_shell:
        if 'shell' not in self.exclude_from_history:
            self.history.append(statement)
        return self.do_shell(statement.command_and_args)

    err_msg = self.default_error.format(statement.command)
    if self.suggest_similar_command and (suggested_command := self._suggest_similar_command(statement.command)):
        err_msg += f"\n{self.default_suggestion_message.format(suggested_command)}"

    self.perror(err_msg, style=None)
    return None

completedefault

completedefault(*_ignored)

Call to complete an input line when no command-specific complete_*() method is available.

This method is only called for non-argparse-based commands.

By default, it returns an empty list.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def completedefault(self, *_ignored: list[str]) -> list[str]:
    """Call to complete an input line when no command-specific complete_*() method is available.

    This method is only called for non-argparse-based commands.

    By default, it returns an empty list.
    """
    return []

read_input

read_input(prompt, *, history=None, completion_mode=NONE, preserve_quotes=False, choices=None, choices_provider=None, completer=None, parser=None)

Read input from appropriate stdin value.

Also supports tab completion and up-arrow history while input is being entered.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
prompt	prompt to display to user TYPE: str
history	optional list of strings to use for up-arrow history. If completion_mode is CompletionMode.COMMANDS and this is None, then cmd2's command list history will be used. The passed in history will not be edited. It is the caller's responsibility to add the returned input to history if desired. Defaults to None. TYPE: list[str] | None DEFAULT: None
completion_mode	tells what type of tab completion to support. Tab completion only works when self.use_rawinput is True and sys.stdin is a terminal. Defaults to CompletionMode.NONE. The following optional settings apply when completion_mode is CompletionMode.CUSTOM: TYPE: CompletionMode DEFAULT: NONE
preserve_quotes	if True, then quoted tokens will keep their quotes when processed by ArgparseCompleter. This is helpful in cases when you're tab completing flag-like tokens (e.g. -o, --option) and you don't want them to be treated as argparse flags when quoted. Set this to True if you plan on passing the string to argparse with the tokens still quoted. A maximum of one of these should be provided: TYPE: bool DEFAULT: False
choices	iterable of accepted values for single argument TYPE: Iterable[Any] | None DEFAULT: None
choices_provider	function that provides choices for single argument TYPE: ChoicesProviderFunc | None DEFAULT: None
completer	tab completion function that provides choices for single argument TYPE: CompleterFunc | None DEFAULT: None
parser	an argument parser which supports the tab completion of multiple arguments TYPE: ArgumentParser | None DEFAULT: None

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
str	the line read from stdin with all trailing new lines removed

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
Exception	any exceptions raised by input() and stdin.readline()

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def read_input(
    self,
    prompt: str,
    *,
    history: list[str] | None = None,
    completion_mode: utils.CompletionMode = utils.CompletionMode.NONE,
    preserve_quotes: bool = False,
    choices: Iterable[Any] | None = None,
    choices_provider: ChoicesProviderFunc | None = None,
    completer: CompleterFunc | None = None,
    parser: argparse.ArgumentParser | None = None,
) -> str:
    """Read input from appropriate stdin value.

    Also supports tab completion and up-arrow history while input is being entered.

    :param prompt: prompt to display to user
    :param history: optional list of strings to use for up-arrow history. If completion_mode is
                    CompletionMode.COMMANDS and this is None, then cmd2's command list history will
                    be used. The passed in history will not be edited. It is the caller's responsibility
                    to add the returned input to history if desired. Defaults to None.
    :param completion_mode: tells what type of tab completion to support. Tab completion only works when
                            self.use_rawinput is True and sys.stdin is a terminal. Defaults to
                            CompletionMode.NONE.

    The following optional settings apply when completion_mode is CompletionMode.CUSTOM:

    :param preserve_quotes: if True, then quoted tokens will keep their quotes when processed by
                            ArgparseCompleter. This is helpful in cases when you're tab completing
                            flag-like tokens (e.g. -o, --option) and you don't want them to be
                            treated as argparse flags when quoted. Set this to True if you plan
                            on passing the string to argparse with the tokens still quoted.

    A maximum of one of these should be provided:

    :param choices: iterable of accepted values for single argument
    :param choices_provider: function that provides choices for single argument
    :param completer: tab completion function that provides choices for single argument
    :param parser: an argument parser which supports the tab completion of multiple arguments

    :return: the line read from stdin with all trailing new lines removed
    :raises Exception: any exceptions raised by input() and stdin.readline()
    """
    readline_configured = False
    saved_completer: CompleterFunc | None = None
    saved_history: list[str] | None = None

    def configure_readline() -> None:
        """Configure readline tab completion and history."""
        nonlocal readline_configured
        nonlocal saved_completer
        nonlocal saved_history
        nonlocal parser

        if readline_configured or rl_type == RlType.NONE:  # pragma: no cover
            return

        # Configure tab completion
        if self._completion_supported():
            saved_completer = readline.get_completer()

            # Disable completion
            if completion_mode == utils.CompletionMode.NONE:

                def complete_none(text: str, state: int) -> str | None:  # pragma: no cover  # noqa: ARG001
                    return None

                complete_func = complete_none

            # Complete commands
            elif completion_mode == utils.CompletionMode.COMMANDS:
                complete_func = self.complete

            # Set custom completion settings
            else:
                if parser is None:
                    parser = argparse_custom.DEFAULT_ARGUMENT_PARSER(add_help=False)
                    parser.add_argument(
                        'arg',
                        suppress_tab_hint=True,
                        choices=choices,
                        choices_provider=choices_provider,
                        completer=completer,
                    )

                custom_settings = utils.CustomCompletionSettings(parser, preserve_quotes=preserve_quotes)
                complete_func = functools.partial(self.complete, custom_settings=custom_settings)

            readline.set_completer(complete_func)

        # Overwrite history if not completing commands or new history was provided
        if completion_mode != utils.CompletionMode.COMMANDS or history is not None:
            saved_history = []
            for i in range(1, readline.get_current_history_length() + 1):
                saved_history.append(readline.get_history_item(i))

            readline.clear_history()
            if history is not None:
                for item in history:
                    readline.add_history(item)

        readline_configured = True

    def restore_readline() -> None:
        """Restore readline tab completion and history."""
        nonlocal readline_configured
        if not readline_configured or rl_type == RlType.NONE:  # pragma: no cover
            return

        if self._completion_supported():
            readline.set_completer(saved_completer)

        if saved_history is not None:
            readline.clear_history()
            for item in saved_history:
                readline.add_history(item)

        readline_configured = False

    # Check we are reading from sys.stdin
    if self.use_rawinput:
        if sys.stdin.isatty():
            try:
                # Deal with the vagaries of readline and ANSI escape codes
                escaped_prompt = rl_escape_prompt(prompt)

                with self.sigint_protection:
                    configure_readline()
                line = input(escaped_prompt)
            finally:
                with self.sigint_protection:
                    restore_readline()
        else:
            line = input()
            if self.echo:
                sys.stdout.write(f'{prompt}{line}\n')

    # Otherwise read from self.stdin
    elif self.stdin.isatty():
        # on a tty, print the prompt first, then read the line
        self.poutput(prompt, end='')
        self.stdout.flush()
        line = self.stdin.readline()
        if len(line) == 0:
            line = 'eof'
    else:
        # we are reading from a pipe, read the line to see if there is
        # anything there, if so, then decide whether to print the
        # prompt or not
        line = self.stdin.readline()
        if len(line):
            # we read something, output the prompt and the something
            if self.echo:
                self.poutput(f'{prompt}{line}')
        else:
            line = 'eof'

    return line.rstrip('\r\n')

do_alias

do_alias(args)

Manage aliases.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_alias_parser, preserve_quotes=True)
def do_alias(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
    """Manage aliases."""
    # Call handler for whatever subcommand was selected
    handler = args.cmd2_handler.get()
    handler(args)

macro_arg_complete

macro_arg_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx)

Tab completes arguments to a macro.

Its default behavior is to call path_complete, but you can override this as needed.

The args required by this function are defined in the header of Python's cmd.py.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
text	the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it) TYPE: str
line	the current input line with leading whitespace removed TYPE: str
begidx	the beginning index of the prefix text TYPE: int
endidx	the ending index of the prefix text TYPE: int

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
list[str]	a list of possible tab completions

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def macro_arg_complete(
    self,
    text: str,
    line: str,
    begidx: int,
    endidx: int,
) -> list[str]:
    """Tab completes arguments to a macro.

    Its default behavior is to call path_complete, but you can override this as needed.

    The args required by this function are defined in the header of Python's cmd.py.

    :param text: the string prefix we are attempting to match (all matches must begin with it)
    :param line: the current input line with leading whitespace removed
    :param begidx: the beginning index of the prefix text
    :param endidx: the ending index of the prefix text
    :return: a list of possible tab completions
    """
    return self.path_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx)

do_macro

do_macro(args)

Manage macros.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_macro_parser, preserve_quotes=True)
def do_macro(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
    """Manage macros."""
    # Call handler for whatever subcommand was selected
    handler = args.cmd2_handler.get()
    handler(args)

complete_help_command

complete_help_command(text, line, begidx, endidx)

Completes the command argument of help.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def complete_help_command(self, text: str, line: str, begidx: int, endidx: int) -> list[str]:
    """Completes the command argument of help."""
    # Complete token against topics and visible commands
    topics = set(self.get_help_topics())
    visible_commands = set(self.get_visible_commands())
    strs_to_match = list(topics | visible_commands)
    return self.basic_complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, strs_to_match)

complete_help_subcommands

complete_help_subcommands(text, line, begidx, endidx, arg_tokens)

Completes the subcommands argument of help.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def complete_help_subcommands(
    self, text: str, line: str, begidx: int, endidx: int, arg_tokens: dict[str, list[str]]
) -> list[str]:
    """Completes the subcommands argument of help."""
    # Make sure we have a command whose subcommands we will complete
    command = arg_tokens['command'][0]
    if not command:
        return []

    # Check if this command uses argparse
    if (func := self.cmd_func(command)) is None or (argparser := self._command_parsers.get(func)) is None:
        return []

    completer = argparse_completer.DEFAULT_AP_COMPLETER(argparser, self)
    return completer.complete_subcommand_help(text, line, begidx, endidx, arg_tokens['subcommands'])

do_help

do_help(args)

List available commands or provide detailed help for a specific command.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_help_parser)
def do_help(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
    """List available commands or provide detailed help for a specific command."""
    self.last_result = True

    if not args.command or args.verbose:
        cmds_cats, cmds_doc, cmds_undoc, help_topics = self._build_command_info()

        if self.doc_leader:
            self.poutput()
            self.poutput(Text(self.doc_leader, style=Cmd2Style.HELP_LEADER))
        self.poutput()

        # Print any categories first and then the remaining documented commands.
        sorted_categories = sorted(cmds_cats.keys(), key=self.default_sort_key)
        all_cmds = {category: cmds_cats[category] for category in sorted_categories}
        if all_cmds:
            all_cmds[self.default_category] = cmds_doc
        else:
            all_cmds[self.doc_header] = cmds_doc

        # Used to provide verbose table separation for better readability.
        previous_table_printed = False

        for category, commands in all_cmds.items():
            if previous_table_printed:
                self.poutput()

            self._print_documented_command_topics(category, commands, args.verbose)
            previous_table_printed = bool(commands) and args.verbose

        if previous_table_printed and (help_topics or cmds_undoc):
            self.poutput()

        self.print_topics(self.misc_header, help_topics, 15, 80)
        self.print_topics(self.undoc_header, cmds_undoc, 15, 80)

    else:
        # Getting help for a specific command
        func = self.cmd_func(args.command)
        help_func = getattr(self, constants.HELP_FUNC_PREFIX + args.command, None)
        argparser = None if func is None else self._command_parsers.get(func)

        # If the command function uses argparse, then use argparse's help
        if func is not None and argparser is not None:
            completer = argparse_completer.DEFAULT_AP_COMPLETER(argparser, self)
            completer.print_help(args.subcommands, self.stdout)

        # If the command has a custom help function, then call it
        elif help_func is not None:
            help_func()

        # If the command function has a docstring, then print it
        elif func is not None and func.__doc__ is not None:
            self.poutput(pydoc.getdoc(func))

        # If there is no help information then print an error
        else:
            err_msg = self.help_error.format(args.command)
            self.perror(err_msg, style=None)
            self.last_result = False

print_topics

print_topics(header, cmds, cmdlen, maxcol)

Print groups of commands and topics in columns and an optional header.

Override of cmd's print_topics() to use Rich.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
header	string to print above commands being printed TYPE: str
cmds	list of topics to print TYPE: list[str] | None
cmdlen	unused, even by cmd's version TYPE: int
maxcol	max number of display columns to fit into TYPE: int

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def print_topics(self, header: str, cmds: list[str] | None, cmdlen: int, maxcol: int) -> None:  # noqa: ARG002
    """Print groups of commands and topics in columns and an optional header.

    Override of cmd's print_topics() to use Rich.

    :param header: string to print above commands being printed
    :param cmds: list of topics to print
    :param cmdlen: unused, even by cmd's version
    :param maxcol: max number of display columns to fit into
    """
    if not cmds:
        return

    # Print a row that looks like a table header.
    if header:
        header_grid = Table.grid()
        header_grid.add_row(Text(header, style=Cmd2Style.HELP_HEADER))
        header_grid.add_row(Rule(characters=self.ruler, style=Cmd2Style.TABLE_BORDER))
        self.poutput(header_grid, soft_wrap=False)

    # Subtract 1 from maxcol to account for a one-space right margin.
    maxcol = min(maxcol, ru.console_width()) - 1
    self.columnize(cmds, maxcol)
    self.poutput()

render_columns

render_columns(str_list, display_width=80)

Render a list of single-line strings as a compact set of columns.

This method correctly handles strings containing ANSI style sequences and full-width characters (like those used in CJK languages). Each column is only as wide as necessary and columns are separated by two spaces.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
str_list	list of single-line strings to display TYPE: list[str] | None
display_width	max number of display columns to fit into TYPE: int DEFAULT: 80

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
str	a string containing the columnized output

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def render_columns(self, str_list: list[str] | None, display_width: int = 80) -> str:
    """Render a list of single-line strings as a compact set of columns.

    This method correctly handles strings containing ANSI style sequences and
    full-width characters (like those used in CJK languages). Each column is
    only as wide as necessary and columns are separated by two spaces.

    :param str_list: list of single-line strings to display
    :param display_width: max number of display columns to fit into
    :return: a string containing the columnized output
    """
    if not str_list:
        return ""

    size = len(str_list)
    if size == 1:
        return str_list[0]

    rows: list[str] = []

    # Try every row count from 1 upwards
    for nrows in range(1, len(str_list)):
        ncols = (size + nrows - 1) // nrows
        colwidths = []
        totwidth = -2
        for col in range(ncols):
            colwidth = 0
            for row in range(nrows):
                i = row + nrows * col
                if i >= size:
                    break
                x = str_list[i]
                colwidth = max(colwidth, su.str_width(x))
            colwidths.append(colwidth)
            totwidth += colwidth + 2
            if totwidth > display_width:
                break
        if totwidth <= display_width:
            break
    else:
        # The output is wider than display_width. Print 1 column with each string on its own row.
        nrows = len(str_list)
        ncols = 1
        max_width = max(su.str_width(s) for s in str_list)
        colwidths = [max_width]
    for row in range(nrows):
        texts = []
        for col in range(ncols):
            i = row + nrows * col
            x = "" if i >= size else str_list[i]
            texts.append(x)
        while texts and not texts[-1]:
            del texts[-1]
        for col in range(len(texts)):
            texts[col] = su.align_left(texts[col], width=colwidths[col])
        rows.append("  ".join(texts))

    return "\n".join(rows)

columnize

columnize(str_list, display_width=80)

Display a list of single-line strings as a compact set of columns.

Override of cmd's columnize() that uses the render_columns() method. The method correctly handles strings with ANSI style sequences and full-width characters (like those used in CJK languages).

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
str_list	list of single-line strings to display TYPE: list[str] | None
display_width	max number of display columns to fit into TYPE: int DEFAULT: 80

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def columnize(self, str_list: list[str] | None, display_width: int = 80) -> None:
    """Display a list of single-line strings as a compact set of columns.

    Override of cmd's columnize() that uses the render_columns() method.
    The method correctly handles strings with ANSI style sequences and
    full-width characters (like those used in CJK languages).

    :param str_list: list of single-line strings to display
    :param display_width: max number of display columns to fit into
    """
    columnized_strs = self.render_columns(str_list, display_width)
    self.poutput(columnized_strs)

do_shortcuts

do_shortcuts(_)

List available shortcuts.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_shortcuts_parser)
def do_shortcuts(self, _: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
    """List available shortcuts."""
    # Sort the shortcut tuples by name
    sorted_shortcuts = sorted(self.statement_parser.shortcuts, key=lambda x: self.default_sort_key(x[0]))
    result = "\n".join(f'{sc[0]}: {sc[1]}' for sc in sorted_shortcuts)
    self.poutput(f"Shortcuts for other commands:\n{result}")
    self.last_result = True

do_eof

do_eof(_)

Quit with no arguments, called when Ctrl-D is pressed.

This can be overridden if quit should be called differently.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_eof_parser)
def do_eof(self, _: argparse.Namespace) -> bool | None:
    """Quit with no arguments, called when Ctrl-D is pressed.

    This can be overridden if quit should be called differently.
    """
    self.poutput()

    # self.last_result will be set by do_quit()
    return self.do_quit('')

do_quit

do_quit(_)

Exit this application.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_quit_parser)
def do_quit(self, _: argparse.Namespace) -> bool | None:
    """Exit this application."""
    # Return True to stop the command loop
    self.last_result = True
    return True

select

select(opts, prompt='Your choice? ')

Present a numbered menu to the user.

Modeled after the bash shell's SELECT. Returns the item chosen.

Argument opts can be:

| a single string -> will be split into one-word options | a list of strings -> will be offered as options | a list of tuples -> interpreted as (value, text), so that the return value can differ from the text advertised to the user

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def select(self, opts: str | list[str] | list[tuple[Any, str | None]], prompt: str = 'Your choice? ') -> Any:
    """Present a numbered menu to the user.

    Modeled after the bash shell's SELECT.  Returns the item chosen.

    Argument ``opts`` can be:

      | a single string -> will be split into one-word options
      | a list of strings -> will be offered as options
      | a list of tuples -> interpreted as (value, text), so
                            that the return value can differ from
                            the text advertised to the user
    """
    local_opts: list[str] | list[tuple[Any, str | None]]
    if isinstance(opts, str):
        local_opts = cast(list[tuple[Any, str | None]], list(zip(opts.split(), opts.split(), strict=False)))
    else:
        local_opts = opts
    fulloptions: list[tuple[Any, str | None]] = []
    for opt in local_opts:
        if isinstance(opt, str):
            fulloptions.append((opt, opt))
        else:
            try:
                fulloptions.append((opt[0], opt[1]))
            except IndexError:
                fulloptions.append((opt[0], opt[0]))
    for idx, (_, text) in enumerate(fulloptions):
        self.poutput('  %2d. %s' % (idx + 1, text))  # noqa: UP031

    while True:
        try:
            response = self.read_input(prompt)
        except EOFError:
            response = ''
            self.poutput()
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            self.poutput('^C')
            raise

        if not response:
            continue

        try:
            choice = int(response)
            if choice < 1:
                raise IndexError  # noqa: TRY301
            return fulloptions[choice - 1][0]
        except (ValueError, IndexError):
            self.poutput(f"'{response}' isn't a valid choice. Pick a number between 1 and {len(fulloptions)}:")

complete_set_value

complete_set_value(text, line, begidx, endidx, arg_tokens)

Completes the value argument of set.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def complete_set_value(
    self, text: str, line: str, begidx: int, endidx: int, arg_tokens: dict[str, list[str]]
) -> list[str]:
    """Completes the value argument of set."""
    param = arg_tokens['param'][0]
    try:
        settable = self.settables[param]
    except KeyError as exc:
        raise CompletionError(param + " is not a settable parameter") from exc

    # Create a parser with a value field based on this settable
    settable_parser = self._build_base_set_parser()

    # Settables with choices list the values of those choices instead of the arg name
    # in help text and this shows in tab completion hints. Set metavar to avoid this.
    arg_name = 'value'
    settable_parser.add_argument(
        arg_name,
        metavar=arg_name,
        help=settable.description,
        choices=settable.choices,
        choices_provider=settable.choices_provider,
        completer=settable.completer,
    )

    completer = argparse_completer.DEFAULT_AP_COMPLETER(settable_parser, self)

    # Use raw_tokens since quotes have been preserved
    _, raw_tokens = self.tokens_for_completion(line, begidx, endidx)
    return completer.complete(text, line, begidx, endidx, raw_tokens[1:])

do_set

do_set(args)

Set a settable parameter or show current settings of parameters.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_set_parser, preserve_quotes=True)
def do_set(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
    """Set a settable parameter or show current settings of parameters."""
    self.last_result = False

    if not self.settables:
        self.pwarning("There are no settable parameters")
        return

    if args.param:
        try:
            settable = self.settables[args.param]
        except KeyError:
            self.perror(f"Parameter '{args.param}' not supported (type 'set' for list of parameters).")
            return

        if args.value:
            # Try to update the settable's value
            try:
                orig_value = settable.value
                settable.value = su.strip_quotes(args.value)
            except ValueError as ex:
                self.perror(f"Error setting {args.param}: {ex}")
            else:
                self.poutput(f"{args.param} - was: {orig_value!r}\nnow: {settable.value!r}")
                self.last_result = True
            return

        # Show one settable
        to_show: list[str] = [args.param]
    else:
        # Show all settables
        to_show = list(self.settables.keys())

    # Define the table structure
    settable_table = Table(
        Column("Name", no_wrap=True),
        Column("Value", overflow="fold"),
        Column("Description", overflow="fold"),
        box=rich.box.SIMPLE_HEAD,
        show_edge=False,
        border_style=Cmd2Style.TABLE_BORDER,
    )

    # Build the table and populate self.last_result
    self.last_result = {}  # dict[settable_name, settable_value]

    for param in sorted(to_show, key=self.default_sort_key):
        settable = self.settables[param]
        settable_table.add_row(
            param,
            str(settable.value),
            settable.description,
        )
        self.last_result[param] = settable.value

    self.poutput()
    self.poutput(settable_table, soft_wrap=False)
    self.poutput()

do_shell

do_shell(args)

Execute a command as if at the OS prompt.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_shell_parser, preserve_quotes=True)
def do_shell(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
    """Execute a command as if at the OS prompt."""
    import signal
    import subprocess

    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}

    # Set OS-specific parameters
    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
        # Windows returns STATUS_CONTROL_C_EXIT when application stopped by Ctrl-C
        ctrl_c_ret_code = 0xC000013A
    else:
        # On POSIX, Popen() returns -SIGINT when application stopped by Ctrl-C
        ctrl_c_ret_code = signal.SIGINT.value * -1

        # On POSIX with shell=True, Popen() defaults to /bin/sh as the shell.
        # sh reports an incorrect return code for some applications when Ctrl-C is pressed within that
        # application (e.g. less). Since sh received the SIGINT, it sets the return code to reflect being
        # closed by SIGINT even though less did not exit upon a Ctrl-C press. In the same situation, other
        # shells like bash and zsh report the actual return code of less. Therefore, we will try to run the
        # user's preferred shell which most likely will be something other than sh. This also allows the user
        # to run builtin commands of their preferred shell.
        shell = os.environ.get("SHELL")
        if shell:
            kwargs['executable'] = shell

    # Create a list of arguments to shell
    tokens = [args.command, *args.command_args]

    # Expand ~ where needed
    utils.expand_user_in_tokens(tokens)
    expanded_command = ' '.join(tokens)

    # Prevent KeyboardInterrupts while in the shell process. The shell process will
    # still receive the SIGINT since it is in the same process group as us.
    with self.sigint_protection:
        # For any stream that is a StdSim, we will use a pipe so we can capture its output
        proc = subprocess.Popen(  # noqa: S602
            expanded_command,
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE if isinstance(self.stdout, utils.StdSim) else self.stdout,  # type: ignore[unreachable]
            stderr=subprocess.PIPE if isinstance(sys.stderr, utils.StdSim) else sys.stderr,
            shell=True,
            **kwargs,
        )

        proc_reader = utils.ProcReader(proc, self.stdout, sys.stderr)
        proc_reader.wait()

        # Save the return code of the application for use in a pyscript
        self.last_result = proc.returncode

        # If the process was stopped by Ctrl-C, then inform the caller by raising a KeyboardInterrupt.
        # This is to support things like stop_on_keyboard_interrupt in runcmds_plus_hooks().
        if proc.returncode == ctrl_c_ret_code:
            self._raise_keyboard_interrupt()

do_py

do_py(_)

Run an interactive Python shell.

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool | None	True if running of commands should stop.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_py_parser)
def do_py(self, _: argparse.Namespace) -> bool | None:
    """Run an interactive Python shell.

    :return: True if running of commands should stop.
    """
    # self.last_result will be set by _run_python()
    return self._run_python()

do_run_pyscript

do_run_pyscript(args)

Run Python script within this application's environment.

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool | None	True if running of commands should stop

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_run_pyscript_parser)
def do_run_pyscript(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> bool | None:
    """Run Python script within this application's environment.

    :return: True if running of commands should stop
    """
    self.last_result = False

    # Expand ~ before placing this path in sys.argv just as a shell would
    args.script_path = os.path.expanduser(args.script_path)

    # Add some protection against accidentally running a non-Python file. The happens when users
    # mix up run_script and run_pyscript.
    if not args.script_path.endswith('.py'):
        self.pwarning(f"'{args.script_path}' does not have a .py extension")
        selection = self.select('Yes No', 'Continue to try to run it as a Python script? ')
        if selection != 'Yes':
            return None

    # Save current command line arguments
    orig_args = sys.argv

    try:
        # Overwrite sys.argv to allow the script to take command line arguments
        sys.argv = [args.script_path, *args.script_arguments]

        # self.last_result will be set by _run_python()
        py_return = self._run_python(pyscript=args.script_path)
    finally:
        # Restore command line arguments to original state
        sys.argv = orig_args

    return py_return

do_ipy

do_ipy(_)

Run an interactive IPython shell.

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool | None	True if running of commands should stop

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_ipython_parser)
def do_ipy(self, _: argparse.Namespace) -> bool | None:  # pragma: no cover
    """Run an interactive IPython shell.

    :return: True if running of commands should stop
    """
    self.last_result = False

    # Detect whether IPython is installed
    try:
        import traitlets.config.loader as traitlets_loader

        # Allow users to install ipython from a cmd2 prompt when needed and still have ipy command work
        try:
            _dummy = start_ipython  # noqa: F823
        except NameError:
            from IPython import start_ipython

        from IPython.terminal.interactiveshell import (
            TerminalInteractiveShell,
        )
        from IPython.terminal.ipapp import (
            TerminalIPythonApp,
        )
    except ImportError:
        self.perror("IPython package is not installed")
        return None

    from .py_bridge import (
        PyBridge,
    )

    if self.in_pyscript():
        self.perror("Recursively entering interactive Python shells is not allowed")
        return None

    self.last_result = True

    try:
        self._in_py = True
        py_bridge = PyBridge(self)

        # Make a copy of self.py_locals for the locals dictionary in the IPython environment we are creating.
        # This is to prevent ipy from editing it. (e.g. locals().clear()). Only make a shallow copy since
        # it's OK for py_locals to contain objects which are editable in ipy.
        local_vars = self.py_locals.copy()
        local_vars[self.py_bridge_name] = py_bridge
        if self.self_in_py:
            local_vars['self'] = self

        # Configure IPython
        config = traitlets_loader.Config()
        config.InteractiveShell.banner2 = (
            'Entering an IPython shell. Type exit, quit, or Ctrl-D to exit.\n'
            f'Run CLI commands with: {self.py_bridge_name}("command ...")\n'
        )

        # Start IPython
        start_ipython(config=config, argv=[], user_ns=local_vars)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
        self.poutput("Now exiting IPython shell...")

        # The IPython application is a singleton and won't be recreated next time
        # this function runs. That's a problem since the contents of local_vars
        # may need to be changed. Therefore, we must destroy all instances of the
        # relevant classes.
        TerminalIPythonApp.clear_instance()
        TerminalInteractiveShell.clear_instance()

        return py_bridge.stop
    finally:
        self._in_py = False

do_history

do_history(args)

View, run, edit, save, or clear previously entered commands.

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool | None	True if running of commands should stop

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_history_parser)
def do_history(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> bool | None:
    """View, run, edit, save, or clear previously entered commands.

    :return: True if running of commands should stop
    """
    self.last_result = False

    # -v must be used alone with no other options
    if args.verbose:  # noqa: SIM102
        if args.clear or args.edit or args.output_file or args.run or args.transcript or args.expanded or args.script:
            self.poutput("-v cannot be used with any other options")
            return None

    # -s and -x can only be used if none of these options are present: [-c -r -e -o -t]
    if (args.script or args.expanded) and (args.clear or args.edit or args.output_file or args.run or args.transcript):
        self.poutput("-s and -x cannot be used with -c, -r, -e, -o, or -t")
        return None

    if args.clear:
        self.last_result = True

        # Clear command and readline history
        self.history.clear()

        if self.persistent_history_file:
            try:
                os.remove(self.persistent_history_file)
            except FileNotFoundError:
                pass
            except OSError as ex:
                self.perror(f"Error removing history file '{self.persistent_history_file}': {ex}")
                self.last_result = False
                return None

        if rl_type != RlType.NONE:
            readline.clear_history()
        return None

    # If an argument was supplied, then retrieve partial contents of the history, otherwise retrieve it all
    history = self._get_history(args)

    if args.run:
        if not args.arg:
            self.perror("Cowardly refusing to run all previously entered commands.")
            self.perror("If this is what you want to do, specify '1:' as the range of history.")
        else:
            stop = self.runcmds_plus_hooks(list(history.values()))
            self.last_result = True
            return stop
    elif args.edit:
        fd, fname = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix='.txt', text=True)
        fobj: TextIO
        with os.fdopen(fd, 'w') as fobj:
            for command in history.values():
                if command.statement.multiline_command:
                    fobj.write(f'{command.expanded}\n')
                else:
                    fobj.write(f'{command.raw}\n')
        try:
            self.run_editor(fname)

            # self.last_result will be set by do_run_script()
            return self.do_run_script(su.quote(fname))
        finally:
            os.remove(fname)
    elif args.output_file:
        full_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(args.output_file))
        try:
            with open(full_path, 'w') as fobj:
                for item in history.values():
                    if item.statement.multiline_command:
                        fobj.write(f"{item.expanded}\n")
                    else:
                        fobj.write(f"{item.raw}\n")
            plural = '' if len(history) == 1 else 's'
        except OSError as ex:
            self.perror(f"Error saving history file '{full_path}': {ex}")
        else:
            self.pfeedback(f"{len(history)} command{plural} saved to {full_path}")
            self.last_result = True
    elif args.transcript:
        # self.last_result will be set by _generate_transcript()
        self._generate_transcript(list(history.values()), args.transcript)
    else:
        # Display the history items retrieved
        for idx, hi in history.items():
            self.poutput(hi.pr(idx, script=args.script, expanded=args.expanded, verbose=args.verbose))
        self.last_result = history
    return None

do_edit

do_edit(args)

Run a text editor and optionally open a file with it.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_edit_parser)
def do_edit(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
    """Run a text editor and optionally open a file with it."""
    # self.last_result will be set by do_shell() which is called by run_editor()
    self.run_editor(args.file_path)

run_editor

run_editor(file_path=None)

Run a text editor and optionally open a file with it.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
file_path	optional path of the file to edit. Defaults to None. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
ValueError	if self.editor is not set

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def run_editor(self, file_path: str | None = None) -> None:
    """Run a text editor and optionally open a file with it.

    :param file_path: optional path of the file to edit. Defaults to None.
    :raises ValueError: if self.editor is not set
    """
    if not self.editor:
        raise ValueError("Please use 'set editor' to specify your text editing program of choice.")

    command = su.quote(os.path.expanduser(self.editor))
    if file_path:
        command += " " + su.quote(os.path.expanduser(file_path))

    self.do_shell(command)

do_run_script

do_run_script(args)

Run text script.

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool | None	True if running of commands should stop

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_run_script_parser)
def do_run_script(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> bool | None:
    """Run text script.

    :return: True if running of commands should stop
    """
    self.last_result = False
    expanded_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(args.script_path))

    # Add some protection against accidentally running a Python file. The happens when users
    # mix up run_script and run_pyscript.
    if expanded_path.endswith('.py'):
        self.pwarning(f"'{expanded_path}' appears to be a Python file")
        selection = self.select('Yes No', 'Continue to try to run it as a text script? ')
        if selection != 'Yes':
            return None

    try:
        # An empty file is not an error, so just return
        if os.path.getsize(expanded_path) == 0:
            self.last_result = True
            return None

        # Make sure the file is ASCII or UTF-8 encoded text
        if not utils.is_text_file(expanded_path):
            self.perror(f"'{expanded_path}' is not an ASCII or UTF-8 encoded text file")
            return None

        # Read all lines of the script
        with open(expanded_path, encoding='utf-8') as target:
            script_commands = target.read().splitlines()
    except OSError as ex:
        self.perror(f"Problem accessing script from '{expanded_path}': {ex}")
        return None

    orig_script_dir_count = len(self._script_dir)

    try:
        self._script_dir.append(os.path.dirname(expanded_path))

        if args.transcript:
            # self.last_result will be set by _generate_transcript()
            self._generate_transcript(
                script_commands,
                os.path.expanduser(args.transcript),
                add_to_history=self.scripts_add_to_history,
            )
        else:
            stop = self.runcmds_plus_hooks(
                script_commands,
                add_to_history=self.scripts_add_to_history,
                stop_on_keyboard_interrupt=True,
            )
            self.last_result = True
            return stop

    finally:
        with self.sigint_protection:
            # Check if a script dir was added before an exception occurred
            if orig_script_dir_count != len(self._script_dir):
                self._script_dir.pop()
    return None

do__relative_run_script

do__relative_run_script(args)

Run text script.

This command is intended to be used from within a text script.

RETURNS	DESCRIPTION
bool | None	True if running of commands should stop

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@with_argparser(_build_relative_run_script_parser)
def do__relative_run_script(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> bool | None:
    """Run text script.

    This command is intended to be used from within a text script.

    :return: True if running of commands should stop
    """
    script_path = args.script_path
    # NOTE: Relative path is an absolute path, it is just relative to the current script directory
    relative_path = os.path.join(self._current_script_dir or '', script_path)

    # self.last_result will be set by do_run_script()
    return self.do_run_script(su.quote(relative_path))

async_alert

async_alert(alert_msg, new_prompt=None)

Display an important message to the user while they are at a command line prompt.

To the user it appears as if an alert message is printed above the prompt and their current input text and cursor location is left alone.

This function needs to acquire self.terminal_lock to ensure a prompt is on screen. Therefore, it is best to acquire the lock before calling this function to avoid raising a RuntimeError.

This function is only needed when you need to print an alert or update the prompt while the main thread is blocking at the prompt. Therefore, this should never be called from the main thread. Doing so will raise a RuntimeError.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
alert_msg	the message to display to the user TYPE: str
new_prompt	If you also want to change the prompt that is displayed, then include it here. See async_update_prompt() docstring for guidance on updating a prompt. TYPE: str | None DEFAULT: None

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
RuntimeError	if called from the main thread.
RuntimeError	if called while another thread holds terminal_lock

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def async_alert(self, alert_msg: str, new_prompt: str | None = None) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
    """Display an important message to the user while they are at a command line prompt.

    To the user it appears as if an alert message is printed above the prompt and their
    current input text and cursor location is left alone.

    This function needs to acquire self.terminal_lock to ensure a prompt is on screen.
    Therefore, it is best to acquire the lock before calling this function to avoid
    raising a RuntimeError.

    This function is only needed when you need to print an alert or update the prompt while the
    main thread is blocking at the prompt. Therefore, this should never be called from the main
    thread. Doing so will raise a RuntimeError.

    :param alert_msg: the message to display to the user
    :param new_prompt: If you also want to change the prompt that is displayed, then include it here.
                       See async_update_prompt() docstring for guidance on updating a prompt.
    :raises RuntimeError: if called from the main thread.
    :raises RuntimeError: if called while another thread holds `terminal_lock`
    """
    if threading.current_thread() is threading.main_thread():
        raise RuntimeError("async_alert should not be called from the main thread")

    if not (vt100_support and self.use_rawinput):
        return

    # Sanity check that can't fail if self.terminal_lock was acquired before calling this function
    if self.terminal_lock.acquire(blocking=False):
        # Windows terminals tend to flicker when we redraw the prompt and input lines.
        # To reduce how often this occurs, only update terminal if there are changes.
        update_terminal = False

        if alert_msg:
            if self.allow_style == ru.AllowStyle.NEVER:
                alert_msg = su.strip_style(alert_msg)
            alert_msg += '\n'
            update_terminal = True

        if new_prompt is not None:
            self.prompt = new_prompt

        # Check if the onscreen prompt needs to be refreshed to match self.prompt.
        if self.need_prompt_refresh():
            update_terminal = True
            rl_set_prompt(self.prompt)

        if update_terminal:
            from .terminal_utils import async_alert_str

            # Print a string which replaces the onscreen prompt and input lines with the alert.
            terminal_str = async_alert_str(
                terminal_columns=ru.console_width(),
                prompt=rl_get_display_prompt(),
                line=readline.get_line_buffer(),
                cursor_offset=rl_get_point(),
                alert_msg=alert_msg,
            )

            sys.stdout.write(terminal_str)
            sys.stdout.flush()

            # Redraw the prompt and input lines below the alert
            rl_force_redisplay()

        self.terminal_lock.release()

    else:
        raise RuntimeError("another thread holds terminal_lock")

async_update_prompt

async_update_prompt(new_prompt)

Update the command line prompt while the user is still typing at it.

This is good for alerting the user to system changes dynamically in between commands. For instance you could alter the color of the prompt to indicate a system status or increase a counter to report an event. If you do alter the actual text of the prompt, it is best to keep the prompt the same width as what's on screen. Otherwise the user's input text will be shifted and the update will not be seamless.

If user is at a continuation prompt while entering a multiline command, the onscreen prompt will not change. However, self.prompt will still be updated and display immediately after the multiline line command completes.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
new_prompt	what to change the prompt to TYPE: str

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
RuntimeError	if called from the main thread.
RuntimeError	if called while another thread holds terminal_lock

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def async_update_prompt(self, new_prompt: str) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
    """Update the command line prompt while the user is still typing at it.

    This is good for alerting the user to system changes dynamically in between commands.
    For instance you could alter the color of the prompt to indicate a system status or increase a
    counter to report an event. If you do alter the actual text of the prompt, it is best to keep
    the prompt the same width as what's on screen. Otherwise the user's input text will be shifted
    and the update will not be seamless.

    If user is at a continuation prompt while entering a multiline command, the onscreen prompt will
    not change. However, self.prompt will still be updated and display immediately after the multiline
    line command completes.

    :param new_prompt: what to change the prompt to
    :raises RuntimeError: if called from the main thread.
    :raises RuntimeError: if called while another thread holds `terminal_lock`
    """
    self.async_alert('', new_prompt)

async_refresh_prompt

async_refresh_prompt()

Refresh the oncreen prompt to match self.prompt.

One case where the onscreen prompt and self.prompt can get out of sync is when async_alert() is called while a user is in search mode (e.g. Ctrl-r). To prevent overwriting readline's onscreen search prompt, self.prompt is updated but readline's saved prompt isn't.

Therefore when a user aborts a search, the old prompt is still on screen until they press Enter or this method is called. Call need_prompt_refresh() in an async print thread to know when a refresh is needed.

RAISES	DESCRIPTION
RuntimeError	if called from the main thread.
RuntimeError	if called while another thread holds terminal_lock

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def async_refresh_prompt(self) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
    """Refresh the oncreen prompt to match self.prompt.

    One case where the onscreen prompt and self.prompt can get out of sync is
    when async_alert() is called while a user is in search mode (e.g. Ctrl-r).
    To prevent overwriting readline's onscreen search prompt, self.prompt is updated
    but readline's saved prompt isn't.

    Therefore when a user aborts a search, the old prompt is still on screen until they
    press Enter or this method is called. Call need_prompt_refresh() in an async print
    thread to know when a refresh is needed.

    :raises RuntimeError: if called from the main thread.
    :raises RuntimeError: if called while another thread holds `terminal_lock`
    """
    self.async_alert('')

need_prompt_refresh

need_prompt_refresh()

Check whether the onscreen prompt needs to be asynchronously refreshed to match self.prompt.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def need_prompt_refresh(self) -> bool:  # pragma: no cover
    """Check whether the onscreen prompt needs to be asynchronously refreshed to match self.prompt."""
    if not (vt100_support and self.use_rawinput):
        return False

    # Don't overwrite a readline search prompt or a continuation prompt.
    return not rl_in_search_mode() and not self._at_continuation_prompt and self.prompt != rl_get_prompt()

set_window_title staticmethod

set_window_title(title)

Set the terminal window title.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
title	the new window title TYPE: str

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

@staticmethod
def set_window_title(title: str) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
    """Set the terminal window title.

    :param title: the new window title
    """
    if not vt100_support:
        return

    from .terminal_utils import set_title_str

    try:
        sys.stdout.write(set_title_str(title))
        sys.stdout.flush()
    except AttributeError:
        # Debugging in Pycharm has issues with setting terminal title
        pass

enable_command

enable_command(command)

Enable a command by restoring its functions.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
command	the command being enabled TYPE: str

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def enable_command(self, command: str) -> None:
    """Enable a command by restoring its functions.

    :param command: the command being enabled
    """
    # If the command is already enabled, then return
    if command not in self.disabled_commands:
        return

    cmd_func_name = constants.COMMAND_FUNC_PREFIX + command
    help_func_name = constants.HELP_FUNC_PREFIX + command
    completer_func_name = constants.COMPLETER_FUNC_PREFIX + command

    # Restore the command function to its original value
    dc = self.disabled_commands[command]
    setattr(self, cmd_func_name, dc.command_function)

    # Restore the help function to its original value
    if dc.help_function is None:
        delattr(self, help_func_name)
    else:
        setattr(self, help_func_name, dc.help_function)

    # Restore the completer function to its original value
    if dc.completer_function is None:
        delattr(self, completer_func_name)
    else:
        setattr(self, completer_func_name, dc.completer_function)

    # Remove the disabled command entry
    del self.disabled_commands[command]

enable_category

enable_category(category)

Enable an entire category of commands.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
category	the category to enable TYPE: str

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def enable_category(self, category: str) -> None:
    """Enable an entire category of commands.

    :param category: the category to enable
    """
    # If the category is already enabled, then return
    if category not in self.disabled_categories:
        return

    for cmd_name in list(self.disabled_commands):
        func = self.disabled_commands[cmd_name].command_function
        if getattr(func, constants.CMD_ATTR_HELP_CATEGORY, None) == category:
            self.enable_command(cmd_name)

    del self.disabled_categories[category]

disable_command

disable_command(command, message_to_print)

Disable a command and overwrite its functions.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
command	the command being disabled TYPE: str
message_to_print	what to print when this command is run or help is called on it while disabled The variable cmd2.COMMAND_NAME can be used as a placeholder for the name of the command being disabled. ex: message_to_print = f"{cmd2.COMMAND_NAME} is currently disabled" TYPE: str

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def disable_command(self, command: str, message_to_print: str) -> None:
    """Disable a command and overwrite its functions.

    :param command: the command being disabled
    :param message_to_print: what to print when this command is run or help is called on it while disabled

                             The variable cmd2.COMMAND_NAME can be used as a placeholder for the name of the
                             command being disabled.
                             ex: message_to_print = f"{cmd2.COMMAND_NAME} is currently disabled"
    """
    # If the command is already disabled, then return
    if command in self.disabled_commands:
        return

    # Make sure this is an actual command
    command_function = self.cmd_func(command)
    if command_function is None:
        raise AttributeError(f"'{command}' does not refer to a command")

    cmd_func_name = constants.COMMAND_FUNC_PREFIX + command
    help_func_name = constants.HELP_FUNC_PREFIX + command
    completer_func_name = constants.COMPLETER_FUNC_PREFIX + command

    # Add the disabled command record
    self.disabled_commands[command] = DisabledCommand(
        command_function=command_function,
        help_function=getattr(self, help_func_name, None),
        completer_function=getattr(self, completer_func_name, None),
    )

    # Overwrite the command and help functions to print the message
    new_func = functools.partial(
        self._report_disabled_command_usage, message_to_print=message_to_print.replace(constants.COMMAND_NAME, command)
    )
    setattr(self, cmd_func_name, new_func)
    setattr(self, help_func_name, new_func)

    # Set the completer to a function that returns a blank list
    setattr(self, completer_func_name, lambda *_args, **_kwargs: [])

disable_category

disable_category(category, message_to_print)

Disable an entire category of commands.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
category	the category to disable TYPE: str
message_to_print	what to print when anything in this category is run or help is called on it while disabled. The variable cmd2.COMMAND_NAME can be used as a placeholder for the name of the command being disabled. ex: message_to_print = f"{cmd2.COMMAND_NAME} is currently disabled" TYPE: str

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def disable_category(self, category: str, message_to_print: str) -> None:
    """Disable an entire category of commands.

    :param category: the category to disable
    :param message_to_print: what to print when anything in this category is run or help is called on it
                             while disabled. The variable cmd2.COMMAND_NAME can be used as a placeholder for the name
                             of the command being disabled.
                             ex: message_to_print = f"{cmd2.COMMAND_NAME} is currently disabled"
    """
    # If the category is already disabled, then return
    if category in self.disabled_categories:
        return

    all_commands = self.get_all_commands()

    for cmd_name in all_commands:
        func = self.cmd_func(cmd_name)
        if getattr(func, constants.CMD_ATTR_HELP_CATEGORY, None) == category:
            self.disable_command(cmd_name, message_to_print)

    self.disabled_categories[category] = message_to_print

cmdloop

cmdloop(intro='')

Deal with extra features provided by cmd2, this is an outer wrapper around _cmdloop().

_cmdloop() provides the main loop. This provides the following extra features provided by cmd2: - transcript testing - intro banner - exit code

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
intro	if provided this overrides self.intro and serves as the intro banner printed once at start TYPE: RenderableType DEFAULT: ''

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def cmdloop(self, intro: RenderableType = '') -> int:
    """Deal with extra features provided by cmd2, this is an outer wrapper around _cmdloop().

    _cmdloop() provides the main loop.  This provides the following extra features provided by cmd2:
    - transcript testing
    - intro banner
    - exit code

    :param intro: if provided this overrides self.intro and serves as the intro banner printed once at start
    """
    # cmdloop() expects to be run in the main thread to support extensive use of KeyboardInterrupts throughout the
    # other built-in functions. You are free to override cmdloop, but much of cmd2's features will be limited.
    if threading.current_thread() is not threading.main_thread():
        raise RuntimeError("cmdloop must be run in the main thread")

    # Register signal handlers
    import signal

    original_sigint_handler = signal.getsignal(signal.SIGINT)
    signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self.sigint_handler)

    if not sys.platform.startswith('win'):
        original_sighup_handler = signal.getsignal(signal.SIGHUP)
        signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, self.termination_signal_handler)

        original_sigterm_handler = signal.getsignal(signal.SIGTERM)
        signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, self.termination_signal_handler)

    # Grab terminal lock before the command line prompt has been drawn by readline
    self.terminal_lock.acquire()

    # Always run the preloop first
    for func in self._preloop_hooks:
        func()
    self.preloop()

    # If transcript-based regression testing was requested, then do that instead of the main loop
    if self._transcript_files is not None:
        self._run_transcript_tests([os.path.expanduser(tf) for tf in self._transcript_files])
    else:
        # If an intro was supplied in the method call, allow it to override the default
        if intro:
            self.intro = intro

        # Print the intro, if there is one, right after the preloop
        if self.intro:
            self.poutput(self.intro)

        # And then call _cmdloop() to enter the main loop
        self._cmdloop()

    # Run the postloop() no matter what
    for func in self._postloop_hooks:
        func()
    self.postloop()

    # Release terminal lock now that postloop code should have stopped any terminal updater threads
    # This will also zero the lock count in case cmdloop() is called again
    self.terminal_lock.release()

    # Restore original signal handlers
    signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, original_sigint_handler)

    if not sys.platform.startswith('win'):
        signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, original_sighup_handler)
        signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, original_sigterm_handler)

    return self.exit_code

register_preloop_hook

register_preloop_hook(func)

Register a function to be called at the beginning of the command loop.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def register_preloop_hook(self, func: Callable[[], None]) -> None:
    """Register a function to be called at the beginning of the command loop."""
    self._validate_prepostloop_callable(func)
    self._preloop_hooks.append(func)

register_postloop_hook

register_postloop_hook(func)

Register a function to be called at the end of the command loop.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def register_postloop_hook(self, func: Callable[[], None]) -> None:
    """Register a function to be called at the end of the command loop."""
    self._validate_prepostloop_callable(func)
    self._postloop_hooks.append(func)

register_postparsing_hook

register_postparsing_hook(func)

Register a function to be called after parsing user input but before running the command.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def register_postparsing_hook(self, func: Callable[[plugin.PostparsingData], plugin.PostparsingData]) -> None:
    """Register a function to be called after parsing user input but before running the command."""
    self._validate_postparsing_callable(func)
    self._postparsing_hooks.append(func)

register_precmd_hook

register_precmd_hook(func)

Register a hook to be called before the command function.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def register_precmd_hook(self, func: Callable[[plugin.PrecommandData], plugin.PrecommandData]) -> None:
    """Register a hook to be called before the command function."""
    self._validate_prepostcmd_hook(func, plugin.PrecommandData)
    self._precmd_hooks.append(func)

register_postcmd_hook

register_postcmd_hook(func)

Register a hook to be called after the command function.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def register_postcmd_hook(self, func: Callable[[plugin.PostcommandData], plugin.PostcommandData]) -> None:
    """Register a hook to be called after the command function."""
    self._validate_prepostcmd_hook(func, plugin.PostcommandData)
    self._postcmd_hooks.append(func)

register_cmdfinalization_hook

register_cmdfinalization_hook(func)

Register a hook to be called after a command is completed, whether it completes successfully or not.

Source code in cmd2/cmd2.py

def register_cmdfinalization_hook(
    self, func: Callable[[plugin.CommandFinalizationData], plugin.CommandFinalizationData]
) -> None:
    """Register a hook to be called after a command is completed, whether it completes successfully or not."""
    self._validate_cmdfinalization_callable(func)
    self._cmdfinalization_hooks.append(func)